Golden Cables of Sympathy: The Transatlantic Sources of Nineteenth-Century Feminism

An intricate network of contacts developed among women in Europe and North America over the course of the nineteenth century. These women created virtual communities through communication, support, and a shared ideology. Forged across boundaries of nationality, language, ethnic origin, and even class, these connections laid the foundation for the 1888 International Council of Women and formed the beginnings of an international women\u27s movement. This matrix extended throughout England and the Continent and included Scandinavia and Finland. In a remarkable display of investigative research, Margaret McFadden describes the burgeoning avenues of communication in the nineteenth century that led to an explosion in the number of international contacts among women. This network blossomed because of increased travel opportunities; advances in women\u27s literacy and education; increased activity in the temperance, abolitionist, and peace reform movements; and the emergence of female evangelicals, political revolutionaries, and expatriates. Particular attention is paid to five women whose decades of work helped give birth to the women\u27s movement by century\u27s end. These “mothers of the matrix include Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton of the United States, Anna Doyle Wheeler of Ireland, Fredrika Bremer of Sweden, and Frances Power Cobbe of England. Despite their philosophic differences, these leaders recognized the value of friendship and advocacy among women and shared an affinity for bringing together people from different cultural settings. McFadden demonstrates without question that the traditions of transatlantic female communication are far older than most historians realize and that the women\u27s movement was inherently international. No other scholar has painted so complete a picture of the golden cables that linked the women who saw the Atlantic and the borders within Europe as bridges rather than barriers to improving their status. Margaret McFadden, professor of Interdisciplinary Studies and founder of the Women\u27s Studies Program at Appalachian State University, is the editor of NWSA journal. Students of women’s history will find an assemblage that illuminates the effect on women of a developing transatlantic context. —Contemporary Sociology What is so remarkable about the book is that it confirms what we know had to be—namely that there was a precondition for the women\u27s movement, and that it was global. McFadden has made that past come alive. —Dana Greene, St. Mary\u27s College of Maryland Demonstrates without a question that the tradition of transatlantic communication are far older than most historians realize and that the women’s movement was inherently international. —Educational Book Review Impressively researched and important. . . . Helps open the way to a whole further area of exploration in women’s history. —Historian Replete with notes and bibliography, this women’s studies book . . . plows new ground. —Journal of the West A pioneering, wide-ranging work. This study will pave the way to new discoveries about nineteenth-century feminist networks, as well as clarify the complexity of their linkages. —Karen Offen, Stanford University A highly original and interdisciplinary work. McFadden argues that a variety of connections among women throughout the nineteenth century underlay the emergence of the international women\u27s organizations at the end of the century. This is an important argument not made anywhere else. —Leila Rupp, Ohio State University An excellent introduction to a number of important women and the ways they communicated. —Library Journal What has previously been a gray area of assumptions about the precursors to the international women’s organizations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been made clear and explicit by McFadden’s work. —NWSA Journal Wide-ranging and engaging. . . . McFadden has recreated a nineteenth-century world of female association. —Ohio History McFadden’s thorough research, particularly on women who might not be familiar to an Anglo-American audience, is remarkable. —Victorian Studieshttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_gender_and_sexuality_studies/1001/thumbnail.jp

Avian Influenza Virus Glycoproteins Restrict Virus Replication and Spread through Human Airway Epithelium at Temperatures of the Proximal Airways

Transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. Using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (HAE), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37°C), avian, but not human, influenza viruses are restricted for infection at the cooler temperatures of the human proximal airways (32°C). These data support the hypothesis that avian influenza viruses, ordinarily adapted to the temperature of the avian enteric tract (40°C), rarely infect humans, in part due to differences in host airway regional temperatures. Previously, a critical residue at position 627 in the avian influenza virus polymerase subunit, PB2, was identified as conferring temperature-dependency in mammalian cells. Here, we use reverse genetics to show that avianization of residue 627 attenuates a human virus, but does not account for the different infection between 32°C and 37°C. To determine the mechanism of temperature restriction of avian influenza viruses in HAE at 32°C, we generated recombinant human influenza viruses in either the A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) or A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) genetic background that contained avian or avian-like glycoproteins. Two of these viruses, A/Victoria/3/75 with L226Q and S228G mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from A/Chick/Italy/1347/99 and A/PR/8/34 containing the H7 and N1 from A/Chick/Italy/1347/99, exhibited temperature restriction approaching that of wholly avian influenza viruses. These data suggest that influenza viruses bearing avian or avian-like surface glycoproteins have a reduced capacity to establish productive infection at the temperature of the human proximal airways. This temperature restriction may limit zoonotic transmission of avian influenza viruses and suggests that adaptation of avian influenza viruses to efficient infection at 32°C may represent a critical evolutionary step enabling human-to-human transmission

Defining a Novel Role for the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor in Human Adenovirus Serotype 5 Transduction In Vitro in the Presence of Mouse Serum

Human adenoviral serotype 5 (HAdV-5) vectors have predominantly hepatic tropism when delivered intravascularly, resulting in immune activation and toxicity. Coagulation FX binding to HAdV-5 mediates liver transduction and provides protection from virion neutralisation in mice. FX is dispensable for liver transduction in mice lacking IgM antibodies or complement, suggesting alternative transduction pathways exist. To identify novel factor(s) mediating HAdV-5 FX-independent entry, we investigated HAdV-5 transduction in vitro in the presence of serum from immunocompetent C57BL/6 or immunocompromised mice lacking IgM antibodies (Rag 2-/- and NSG). Sera from all three mouse strains enhanced HAdV-5 transduction of A549 cells. While inhibition of HAdV-5:FX interaction with X-bp inhibited transduction in the presence of C57BL/6 serum, it had negligible effect on the enhanced transduction observed in the presence of Rag 2-/- or NSG serum. Rag 2-/- serum also enhanced transduction of the FX-binding deficient AdT*. Interestingly, Rag 2-/- serum enhanced HAdV-5 transduction in a FX-independent manner in CHO-CAR and SKOV3-CAR cells. Additionally, blockade of CAR with soluble HAdV-5 fiber knob inhibited mouse serum-enhanced transduction in A549 cells, suggesting a potential role for CAR. Transduction of HAdV-5 KO1 and HAdV-5/F35 (CAR-binding deficient) in the presence of Rag 2-/- serum was equivalent to that of HAdV-5, indicating that direct interaction between HAdV-5 and CAR is not required. These data suggest that FX may protect HAdV-5 from neutralization but has minimal contribution to HAdV-5 transduction in the presence of immunocompromised mouse serum. Alternatively, transduction occurs via an unidentified mouse serum protein capable of bridging HAdV-5 to CAR

Gender differences in marital status moderation of genetic and environmental influences on subjective health

From the IGEMS Consortium, data were available from 26,579 individuals aged 23 to 102 years on 3 subjective health items: self-rated health (SRH), health compared to others (COMP), and impact of health on activities (ACT). Marital status was a marker of environmental resources that may moderate genetic and environmental influences on subjective health. Results differed for the 3 subjective health items, indicating that they do not tap the same construct. Although there was little impact of marital status on variance components for women, marital status was a significant modifier of variance in all 3 subjective health measures for men. For both SRH and ACT, single men demonstrated greater shared and nonshared environmental variance than married men. For the COMP variable, genetic variance was greater for single men vs. married men. Results suggest gender differences in the role of marriage as a source of resources that are associated with subjective health

Additional file 8 of Species and population specific gene expression in blood transcriptomes of marine turtles

Additional file 8: Table S8. Differential gene expression analyses results for comparisons between green turtle foraging aggregations. Log fold change and adjusted p-values are listed for the California and Hawai’i, California and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and Hawai’i and CNMI Islands comparisons

Additional file 9 of Species and population specific gene expression in blood transcriptomes of marine turtles

Additional file 9: Table S9. Functional enrichment analysis results. Functional enrichment analysis results for contrasts between green turtle foraging aggregations

Additional file 5 of Species and population specific gene expression in blood transcriptomes of marine turtles

Additional file 5: Table S5. Species-specific orthogroups. Orthogroups and the transcripts that belong to each orthogroup from each species-specific blood transcriptome