Condominium--Tax Aspects of Ownership

The ancient concept of condominium ownership has been revived in this country as an answer to the increasing demand for adequate urban housing. The advantages of individual home ownership have had to be subordinated by many families in favor of the convenience of apartment rental. A partial answer to this problem has been found in the creation of cooperative apartments, but this device still leaves much to be desired.\u27 It was not until Puerto Rico achieved its initial success with condominiums that the advantages of this form of home ownership fully came to the attention of this country. To encourage the use of condominiums as a form of middle-income family home ownership, Congress enacted the National Housing Act of 1961. Section 234 of the act provided authority for the Federal Housing Administration to insure mortgages on condominium projects in those states whose laws permit the condominium form of ownership. Accordingly, a flood of state legislation has followed in an effort to meet the requirements of section 234. In order to provide guidelines for this state legislation the FHA drafted a model statute which satisfies the requirements of section 234, and yet leaves room for modification to meet local conditions

Plasticity in Standard and Maximum Aerobic Metabolic Rates in Two Populations of an Estuarine Dependent Teleost, Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

We studied the effects of metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) in two populations of a eurythermal species, spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) along the U.S. East Coast. Fish were captured from their natural environment and acclimated at control temperatures 15 °C or 20 °C. Their oxygen consumption rates, a proxy for metabolic rates, were measured using intermittent flow respirometry during acute temperature decrease or increase (2.5 °C per hour). Mass-specific standard metabolic rates (SMR) were higher in fish from the northern population across an ecologically relevant temperature gradient (5 °C to 30 °C). SMR were up to 37% higher in the northern population at 25 °C and maximum metabolic rates (MMR) were up to 20% higher at 20 °C. We found evidence of active metabolic compensation in the southern population from 5 °C to 15 °C (Q10 \u3c 2), but not in the northern population. Taken together, our results indicate differences in metabolic plasticity between the northern and southern populations of spotted seatrout and provide a mechanistic basis for predicting population-specific responses to climate change

Why National Media Systems Matter: A Longitudinal Analysis of How UK Left-Wing and Right-Wing Alternative Media Critique Mainstream Media (2015–2018)

In recent years, the growth of new alternative media has brought greater editorial choice and diversity to political coverage in many advanced democracies. But their coverage of mainstream media and portrayal of professional journalism has been subject to little academic attention. This study examined the role alternative political media play in advancing public debate about the value and editorial standards of a national media system. Drawing on a longitudinal content analysis of UK alternative media between 2015 and 2018 (N = 3452), we found that mainstream media was often crticised—particularly in left-wing sites—and that disapproval of professional journalism intensified over time, most strikingly during the 2017 general election campaign. We also discovered that BBC news was often singled out for its political reporting, with criticism directed at its perceived bias and lack of impartiality. Overall, we argue it is the dominant characteristics of mainstream media in national media systems that help shape the editorial agenda of alternative media and the nature of criticism directed at professional journalism. We conclude that more comparative research is needed about how alternative media represent professional journalism, and whether they are influencing people’s understanding of politics and public affairs