Emission Permits as a Monetary Policy Tool: Is it Feasible? Is it Ethical?

The price of emission permits is deemed too low to mitigate climate change. In three studies, policy approaches to pricing carbon in a market setting are examined. First, the emission permit market is analyzed comparatively to how the ethanol mandate impacted prices in the corn market. This leads to the realization that the marketization of carbon is more like a currency than a physical commodity. The next study examines emission permits as a monetary policy tool. Emissions correlate GDP output, thus central banks can use emission permits as forward guidance, as a means to optimize the price for climate change mitigation, and as an alternative to interest rates. Opinions of thought leaders are used to question the acceptability of emission permits as a monetary policy tool. The final study is an ethical analysis using deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics within a pragmatic philosophical context, analyzing carbon as a monetary policy tool. In order for carbon as a monetary policy tool to be considered ethically acceptable, it must satisfy the temporal, spatial and institutional dilemmas of climate change articulated in Stephen Gardiner’s Perfect Moral Storm. Under this ethical standard, it is found that using carbon as a monetary policy tool can help address these concerns, but not solve them alone. This research is presented using transdisciplinary methods which provide a unique and holistic approach to policy formation not yet presented in the literature. This research is relevant to policy makers in central banking, the IMF and World Bank

The Effects of Self-Myofascial Release and Static Stretching on Acute Hamstrings Range of Motion

Despite the chronic effects of self-myofascial release (SMR) techniques such as foam rolling (FR) on flexibility, few studies have examined its acute effects when performed for durations equaling static stretching (SS) warm-up recommendations shown to enhance range of motion (ROM) absent muscle performance deficits. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the acute effects of short-duration (30 s per muscle group) SMR via FR and SS on hamstrings ROM. Methodology: University students were quasi-randomly allocated to a FR (n = 12; age, 21.58 ± 3.06 yr; height, 172.22 ± 12.03 cm; weight, 164.22 ± 41.80 lb), SS (n = 13; age, 22.08 ± 2.25 yr; height, 171.06 ± 8.31 cm; weight, 168.75 ± 27.21 lb), or control (CON) group (n = 11; age, 21.82 ± 2.32 yr; height, 168.84 ± 8.97 cm; weight, 158.75 ± 34.42 lb) to perform a short bout of FR or SS targeting all major thigh muscle groups or to sit comfortably in the CON immediately following and prior to a hamstrings ROM assessment (Modified Sit-and-Reach test). Results: Each condition led to ROM improvements (main effect of time, p \u3c 0.001), but these improvements were independent of group allocation. Compared to CON, improvements were greater only after FR, but when comparing interventions, improvements were similar. Conclusion: One bout of short-duration FR and SS were equally effective at eliciting acute hamstrings ROM enhancements. FR therefore exists as a viable alternative to SS for acute ROM improvements when performed in the very short-duration

Master of Science

thesisMajor Histocompatibility Complex Class II molecules (MHCII) play a critical role in immunity. Of key importance is the presentation of antigenic peptides to CD4+ effector T cells of the adaptive immune system. During the assembly of MHCII molecules, a conserved chaperone protein known as invariant chain binds MHCII with a segment buried in the MHCII binding groove. Invariant chain functions to track MHCII into endocytic peptide loading compartments, prevents inappropriate peptide binding, and assists to maintain the structure of MHCII. After the complex enters the peptide loading compartment invariant chain is sequentially cleaved to leave only a small fragment, class II associated invariant chain (CLIP), bound through the peptide binding groove. CLIP must be removed prior to antigenic peptide loading in the peptide binding groove. The process of peptide exchange occurs through a series of events that are not completely understood. The research described herein is aimed at further elucidated the role that a second peptide plays in the dissociation of a prebound peptide. As with most assays involving the dissociation of a species which could possibly rebind, the peptide dissociation from MHCII has traditionally been performed using an excess of unlabeled peptide which can rapidly block the binding site to prevent rebinding of the labeled peptide. As with most „competition‟ type assays, it was assumed that the unlabeled peptide did not affect the dissociation of bound, labeled peptide. Recent iv evidence has suggested that the unlabeled peptide might play a role in the dissociation of the labeled peptide; in fact this recent data suggests that a second peptide in solution is required for peptide to dissociate from MHCII. By using several different analytical techniques to measure the dissociation in the absence and presence of competitors with varying affinity for MHCII we show that each individual peptide has a rate of dissociation, which occurs independently of the presence of a second peptide in solution. These findings lead to the conclusion that dissociation and exchange of peptides on MHCII is a random process that is determined solely by the affinity of the bound peptide for MHCII

Provocative Reading Experiences

We are well aware of the complexities we face today in teaching our children to be able readers. It is a much bigger problem than to be able to verbalize words phonetically. Experts in the field of research in psychology, child development, and reading have contributed a great deal of valuable knowledge to aid teachers in the skill of teaching children to read. These ideas are being successfully practiced and we are producing capable readers. However, there is one phase of reading that needs greater stress. To derive the greatest benefit from living in our democracy and to cope with our fast changing world, our children need to be more than good and able readers. We must help our children do critical thinking through provocative reading experiences

Mentoring in Higher Education Music Study: Are Good Teachers Mentors?

This quantitative study examined the correlation between how college level music students rated their teachers on the Fowler/O'Gorman Mentor Functions Questionnaire and how they perceived two aspects of their private music lessons: 1) to what extent they perceived their relationship with their teachers as positive, and 2) to what extent they perceived their teachers as good. The respondents for this study were 295 undergraduate and graduate music majors studying at 5 private universities or music schools. Positive correlations were found between the scores on the Mentor Functions Questionnaire (MFQ) and good teachers and positive lesson experiences. No correlation was found between the existence of gender congruity or the lack of gender congruity and the mean score on the MFQ. Respondents reported differences among their teachers' behaviors (p < .05): Role Modeling and Coaching behavior were perceived at significantly higher levels than the other six mentoring behaviors, whereas Friendship and Advocacy behavior was found at significantly lower levels. The behaviors of Personal and Emotional Guidance, Career Development Facilitation, Strategies and Systems Advice, and Learning Facilitation were found at levels closer to the mean. When role modeling and coaching behavior are present, students perceive teachers as good and lessons as positive. It is not necessary to be friends with a student in order to provide a positive lesson experience. Fowler and O'Gorman's mentoring behaviors have implications for improving the mentoring of collegiate music students

A controlled experiment in visual education in general science

Not Available.Max C. McCowenNot ListedNot ListedMaster of ScienceDepartment Not ListedCunningham Memorial library, Terre Haute, Indiana State University.isua-thesis-1938-mccowen.pdfMastersTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages: contains 59p. : ill. Includes appendix and bibliography

Herbivory damage but not plant disease under experimental warming is dependent on weather for three subalpine grass species

Both theory and prior studies predict that climate warming should increase attack rates by herbivores and pathogens on plants. However, past work has often assumed that variation in abiotic conditions other than temperature (e.g. precipitation) do not alter warming responses of plant damage by natural enemies. Studies over short time periods span low variation in weather, and studies over long time-scales often neglect to account for fine-scale weather conditions. Here, we used a 20+ year warming experiment to investigate if warming affects on herbivory and pathogen disease are dependent on variation in ambient weather observed over 3 years. We studied three common grass species in a subalpine meadow in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. We visually estimated herbivory and disease every 2 weeks during the growing season and evaluated weather conditions during the previous 2- or 4-week time interval (2-week average air temperature, 2- and 4-week cumulative precipitation) as predictors of the probability and amount of damage. Herbivore attack was 13% more likely and damage amount was 29% greater in warmed plots than controls across the focal species but warming treatment had little affect on plant disease. Herbivory presence and damage increased the most with experimental warming when preceded by wetter, rather than drier, fine-scale weather, but preceding ambient temperature did not strongly interact with elevated warming to influence herbivory. Disease presence and amount increased, on average, with warmer weather and more precipitation regardless of warming. Synthesis. The effect of warming over reference climate on herbivore damage is dependent on and amplified by fine-scale weather variation, suggesting more boom-and-bust damage dynamics with increasing climate variability. However, the mean effect of regional climate change is likely reduced monsoon rainfall, for which we predict a reduction in insect herbivore damage. Plant disease was generally unresponsive to warming, which may be a consequence of our coarse disease estimates that did not track specific pathogen species or guilds. The results point towards temperature as an important but not sufficient determinant and regulator of species interactions, where precipitation and other constraints may determine the affect of warming.publishedVersio