Engelsk litteratur: Hvordan forbereder studenter seg til forelesning?

Mastergradsoppgave i kultur- og språkfagenes didaktikk, Avdeling for lærerutdanning og naturvitenskap, Høgskolen i Innlandet, 2017.English: The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how first year college students studying English literature in Norway prepare for class discussions/work. English literature I class is offered in the Foundation Program which is designed to give a comprehensive introduction to English students pursuing a Bachelor’s degree, and to students who wish to study a single subject at this level (Innlandet, 2017/2018). The study focuses on their preferred reading strategies. The participants have fulfilled a minimum of one year high school English upon entrance to this college level class. The sample consisted of 38 participants. The participants received a set of questionnaires, one at the outset and one at conclusion of the fall term. Questionnaire 1 asked about demographic information, reading experience, intentions for study (specific toward reading and group work), expectations, as well as study habits. Questionnaire 2 contained follow up questions from Questionnaire 1 specific to The Road and One Out of Many, as well as expectations toward group work and their professors. There were two separate observation periods and interview of three subjects from the same group to explore in greater depth their answers about study habits and expectations for learning English, their professors and group work. Finding the correct answer to the understanding and meaning of a text revealed itself a primary focus for the participants. The level of difficulty was associated with texts from an earlier era as well as texts involving other cultures where the language contained unfamiliar configurations of names, places and living situations. The participants expected to find understanding and meaning first through reading, thereafter class discussions, questions from their professors and outside online sources, as well as film. The reading strategies the participants reported using include close reading, skimming and note taking. Online sources that include You Tube, Schmoop and SparkNotes amongst others are strategies that participants used. The last mentioned are not traditional strategies and I found little research on them; however, they appear to be an important addition to text comprehension. Even though this study is not large enough to give evidence of any type of trend in the learning strategies of English Literature students, it does give insight into one class. The trend in this class is toward gaining understanding and meaning in a text by using online resources. Further research would be beneficial in order to develop teaching strategies to prepare students for these using these online sources in addition to the traditional strategies for gaining meaning through reading.Norsk: Målet med dette studie er å beskrive og analysere hvordan første års studenter ved høyskolene i Norge forbereder seg på samtale/diskusjon i engelsk litteratur. Engelsk litteratur er et basistilbud som er ment å gi en bred introduksjon i engelsk til studenter som ønsker en «Bachelor» grad, eller studenter som ønsker å studere et fag på dette nivået. Studiet fokuserer på deres egne valgt lesestrategier. Deltakerne har gjennomført et minimum av et år engelsk studie på videregående skole for å komme inn på dette studiet. Denne undersøkelsen består av 38 deltakere. Deltakerne mottok et spørsmålsskjema i begynnelsen og et avsluttende i høst terminen. Det første spørreskjema tok for seg demografisk informasjon, lese erfaring, intensjonene for studiet (med fokus på lesing og gruppe arbeid), forventninger samt hvordan de studerte. Det andre spørreskjema inneholdt oppfølgingsspørsmål fra det første skjemaet med fokus på teksten The Road og One Out of Many. Videre også forventninger mot gruppearbeid og sine forelesere. Det var to separate observasjonsperioder og intervju om tre temaer fra samme gruppe for å utforske videre deres svar om lesevaner og forventinger for å lære engelsk, deres forelesere og om gruppearbeidet. Det å finne riktig svar for å forstå innholdet i en tekst kom frem som grunnleggende fokus for deltakerne. Vanskelighetsgraden ble assosiert med tekster fra tidligere tidsepoker samt tekster som omhandlet andre kulturer der språket inneholdt ukjente kombinasjoner av navn, steder og bosituasjoner. Deltakerne forventet å oppnå forståelse og mening først gjennom lesing, deretter diskusjon i klassen, spørsmål fra sine forelesere og andre kilder på nettet og film. Lesestrategiene studentene ga tilbakemelding på at de brukte inkluderte: skumlesing, dybdelesing og ta notater. Andre kilder som You Tube, Schmoop og Spark Notes for å nevne noen er strategier (kilder) deltakerne brukte. De siste nevnte er ikke strategier som ble brukt til vanlig og jeg fant lite forskning på dem. De viser seg imidlertid å være et viktig tillegg for å forstå tekster. Selv om dette studien ikke er bred nok til å gi bevis for trender ift innlæringsstrategier for studenter som leser Engelsk litteratur, gir den innsikt i en klasse. Trenden i denne klassen for å finne forståelse og mening i en tekst er bruken av kilder på nettet. Videre forskning ville vært hensiktsmessig for å utvikle læringsstrategier for å forberede studentene på disse ved å bruke kilder på nettet i tillegg til de tradisjonelle innlæringsstrategiene for å oppnå mening gjennom lesing

Early Lapita subsistence: the evidence from Kamgot, Anir Islands, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea

Over several decades there has been much discussion regarding the nature of Early Lapita subsistence, and in particular whether domesticated animals and horticulture were central components or whether initial Lapita subsistence strategies relied primarily upon marine resources. Here, we assess the evidence for subsistence during the earlier phases of occupation at Kamgot, Anir Islands, New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea, particularly through the lens of terrestrial versus marine components

Differences in Rate of Perceived Exertion and Workload Intensity in Males and Females during Submaximal Arm and Leg Ergometry

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 1222-1235, 2022. Purpose: Arm ergometry (AE) is necessitated for individuals unable to perform leg ergometry (LE) exercise. This study explored gender differences in RPE and workload (WL) during AE and LE at submaximal target heart rates (THR). Methods: 35 healthy college-aged individuals were randomly allocated to begin exercise on either AE or LE. Participants exercised on both modes with increasing WL to achieve submaximal THRs of 110, 120, 130, 140 and 150 beats per minute (bpm). Factorial ANOVAs tested for differences in RPE and WL. Results: No significant differences were found in RPE between genders, as well as between arm and leg exercise (p \u3e 0.001). For WL, a significant main effect was found for mode with LE greater than AE (p \u3c 0.001), and gender, with males greater than females (p \u3c 0.001). A significant interaction effect was also found for HR and mode, with a greater increase in WL during LE compared to AE in both genders (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Exercise specialists typically prescribe exercise based on a chosen THR. The results of this study provide meaningful data on mean RPE and WL responses that a given THR elicits for ergometry. The finding of no differences in RPE between AE and LE informs the clinician that at any given submaximal THR, similar RPE scores can be expected during AE and LE. Further research is warranted to investigate differences in wider populations

Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups

Background: Samoa conducted eight nationwide rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) between 1999 and 2011, and two targeted rounds in 2015 and 2017 in North West Upolu (NWU), one of three evaluation units (EUs). Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) were conducted in 2013 (failed in NWU) and 2017 (all three EUs failed). In 2018, Samoa was the first in the world to distribute nationwide triple-drug MDA using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole. Surveillance and Monitoring to Eliminate LF and Scabies from Samoa (SaMELFS Samoa) is an operational research program designed to evaluate the effectiveness of triple-drug MDA on LF transmission and scabies prevalence in Samoa, and to compare the usefulness of different indicators of LF transmission. This paper reports results from the 2018 baseline survey and aims to i) investigate antigen (Ag) prevalence and spatial epidemiology, including geographic clustering; ii) compare Ag prevalence between two different age groups (5–9 years versus ≥10 years) as indicators of areas of ongoing transmission; and iii) assess the prevalence of limb lymphedema in those aged ≥15 years. Methods: A community-based cluster survey was conducted in 30 randomly selected and five purposively selected clusters (primary sampling units, PSUs), each comprising one or two villages. Participants were recruited through household surveys (age ≥5 years) and convenience surveys (age 5–9 years). Alere Filariasis Test Strips (FTS) were used to detect Ag, and prevalence was adjusted for survey design and standardized for age and gender. Adjusted Ag prevalence was estimated for each age group (5–9, ≥10, and all ages ≥5 years) for random and purposive PSUs, and by region. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was used to quantify clustering at regions, PSUs, and households. Results: A total of 3940 persons were included (1942 children aged 5–9 years, 1998 persons aged ≥10 years). Adjusted Ag prevalence in all ages ≥5 years in randomly and purposively selected PSUs were 4.0% (95% CI 2.8–5.6%) and 10.0% (95% CI 7.4–13.4%), respectively. In random PSUs, Ag prevalence was lower in those aged 5–9 years (1.3%, 95% CI 0.8–2.1%) than ≥10 years (4.7%, 95% CI 3.1–7.0%), and poorly correlated at the PSU level (R-square = 0.1459). Adjusted Ag prevalence in PSUs ranged from 0% to 10.3% (95% CI 5.9–17.6%) in randomly selected and 3.8% (95% CI 1.3–10.8%) to 20.0% (95% CI 15.3–25.8%) in purposively selected PSUs. ICC for Ag-positive individuals was higher at households (0.46) compared to PSUs (0.18) and regions (0.01). Conclusions: Our study confirmed ongoing transmission of LF in Samoa, in accordance with the 2017 TAS results. Ag prevalence varied significantly between PSUs, and there was poor correlation between prevalence in 5–9 year-olds and older ages, who had threefold higher prevalence. Sampling older age groups would provide more accurate estimates of overall prevalence, and be more sensitive for identifying residual hotspots. Higher prevalence in purposively selected PSUs shows local knowledge can help identify at least some hotspots

Enhancing effective healthcare communication in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Considerations for research, teaching, policy, and practice.

OBJECTIVE In this article we present a conceptual framework for enhancing effective healthcare communication in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. METHODS Through an iterative, deliberative dialogue approach, we, as experts from a variety of health professions and academic disciplines, worked together to identify core values and considerations for healthcare communication across numerous health professions and disciplines and within research, teaching, policy, and practice contexts. RESULTS The framework developed includes five core values at its centre: equitable, inclusive, evidence-based, collaborative, reflective. Around this are concentric circles showing key elements of collaborators, modality, context, and purpose. Each of these is explored. CONCLUSION This work may support benchmarking for healthcare providers, researchers, policymakers, and educators across a breadth of professions to help improve communication in clinical practice. The framework will also help to identify areas across disciplines that are shared and potentially idiosyncratic for various professions to promote interprofessional recognition, education, and collaboration. INNOVATION This framework is designed to start conversations, to form the foundation of a dialogue about the priorities and key considerations for developing teaching curricula, professional development, and research programs related to healthcare communication, providing a set of values specifically for the unique contexts of Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. It can also be used to guide interdisciplinary healthcare professionals in advancing research, teaching, policy, and practice related to healthcare communication

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment