10 research outputs found

    Structured and unstructured continuous models for Wolbachia infections

    Get PDF
    We introduce and investigate a series of models for an infection of a diplodiploid host species by the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. The continuous models are characterized by partial vertical transmission, cytoplasmic incompatibility and fitness costs associated with the infection. A particular aspect of interest is competitions between mutually incompatible strains. We further introduce an age-structured model that takes into account different fertility and mortality rates at different stages of the life cycle of the individuals. With only a few parameters, the ordinary differential equation models exhibit already interesting dynamics and can be used to predict criteria under which a strain of bacteria is able to invade a population. Interestingly, but not surprisingly, the age-structured model shows significant differences concerning the existence and stability of equilibrium solutions compared to the unstructured model

    Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos suplementados no período das águas Performance and characteristics of carcass of supplemented steers during the rainny season

    Get PDF
    Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação concentrada de novilhos, durante o período das águas, sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça. Foram utilizados 49 novilhos mestiços, mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. O experimento foi conduzido em três períodos experimentais, segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram fornecidos sal mineral (SAL), suplementos à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, em níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (MFS1 e MFS2), e suplementos à base de farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, em níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (FTFS1 e FTFS2), fornecidos diariamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os tratamentos sobre ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e ganho total (GDP Total). Os GMD foram: 0,887; 0,936; 1,047; 0,943; e 1,012 kg/animal/dia, respectivamente, para os tratamentos SAL, MFS1, MFS2, FTFS1 e FTFS2. Os animais submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos não exibiram diferenças nas características físicas e químicas da carcaça. Não houve diferenças quanto ao rendimento de carcaça dos novilhos dos diferentes tratamentos, que foi, em média, de 52,19%.<br>The effects of concentrate supplementation of steers during the rainny season on the performance and physical and traits of the carcass were evaluated. Fourty nine crossbreds steers were used, maintained on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens. The experiment was carried out in three experimental periods, according to a complete randomized design. The following supplements were daily fed at 10 a.m.: mineral salt (SALT), corn and soybean meal based supplements, with 20% CP, at the levels of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (CSBM1 and CSBM2) and wheat bran and soybean meal based supplements, with 20% CP, at the levels of 1.0 and 2.0 kg (WMSBM1 and WMSBM2). There was no treatment effect on average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW). The ADG were: 0.887, 0.936, 1.047, 0.943 and 1.012 kg/animal/day, respectively, for the treatments SALT, CSBM1, CSBM2, WMSBM1 and WMSBM2. The animals submitted to the different treatments did not exhibit differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the carcass. No differences were observed for the steers carcass yield, which was, in average, of 52.19%

    Avaliação qualitativa da pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., sob pastejo, no período da seca, por intermédio de três métodos de amostragem Qualitative evaluation of differed pasture of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., under grazing, in the dry season, using three sampling methods

    Get PDF
    O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar a qualidade da pastagem diferida de Brachiaria decumbens sob pastejo durante o período da seca, utilizando-se quatro novilhos Holandês-Zebu fistulados no esôfago. As amostras foram coletadas com base na disponibilidade total (DT), na simulação manual de pastejo (SMP) e na extrusa (EXT) coletada. Foram determinados os teores de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), carboidratos totais (CT) e não-fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinzas e proteínas (FDNcp), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi), lignina e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As amostras obtidas com a DT apresentaram valores superiores para MS, CT, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi e lignina, que refletiram na menor DIVMS para a DT. A EXT e a SMP não diferiram quanto à PB, EE, CNF, FDN, FDNcp, FDA, FDAi, lignina e DIVMS. Os teores de PB foram 5,60 e 6,50 e os de FDN foram 71,87 e 71,70, respectivamente, para a SMP e a EXT. Os resultados sugerem que a amostra obtida pela SMP, em comparação com a DT, estaria mais próxima da forragem selecionada por animais em pastejo.<br>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the quality of the differed pasture of Brachiaria decumbens under grazing in the dry season. Samples were collected by the total harvesting (TH), hand-plucking sample (HPS) and Extrusa (EXT) collected using four Holstein-Zebu steers, with esophageal fistula. The samples were analysed for dry matter content (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), total (TC) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), acid detergent fiber (ADF), insoluble acid detergent fiber (iADF), lignin and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). TH was superior (P<0,05) in DM, TC, NDf, NDFap, ADF, iADF and lignin contents. These observations reflected the low IVDMD for TA. The EXT and HPS did not differ on CP, EE, NFC, NDF, NDFap, ADF, iADF, lignin and IVDMD. The CP content were 5.60 and 6.50 and the ones of NDF were 71.87 e 71.70, respectively to EXT and HPS. These results indicate that the sample HPS, in comparasion with sample TH, would better represent those diet selected by grazing animals

    Avaliação qualitativa da pastagem de capim tanner-grass (Brachiaria arrecta), por três diferentes métodos de amostragem Quality evaluation of the tanner grass (Brachiaria arrecta) pasture, by three different collection methods

    Get PDF
    Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da pastagem de Brachiaria arrecta, classificada anteriormente como B. radicans utilizando-se as metodologias da extrusa, pastejo simulado e disponibilidade total. Para a coleta da extrusa, utilizaram-se três novilhos fistulados no esôfago. A disponibilidade total do pasto foi obtida pelo corte rente ao solo, com um quadrado metálico (0,5 x 0,5 m), e o pastejo simulado foi colhido manualmente. Para a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, ocorreu efeito do mês de amostragem, mas não entre as metodologias de coleta utilizadas, em que a extrusa apresentou maiores valores (62,10%). Não ocorreu diferença para os teores de proteína bruta, entre os métodos do pastejo simulado e da extrusa. Os valores de PB para o método de disponibilidade total foram abaixo de 7% e os de FDN (72,3%) e FDA (38,2%), encontrados para os três métodos, confirmaram que as forrageiras tropicais são ricas em parede celular. As amostras obtidas pela disponibilidade total não foram representativas da dieta ingerida pelos bovinos. O método de amostragem influiu na determinação da composição química da pastagem. O pastejo simulado pode servir para uma estimativa satisfatória da dieta selecionada por bovinos.<br>The quality of B. radicans, former B. radicans pasture, was evaluated using extrusa collection, hand-plucked and total availability methods. Three esophageous fistulated steers were used for the extrusa collection. Samples for total availability of the pasture were collected cutting plant material close to the ground inside a metalic square (0.5 x 0.5m). hand-plucked method was performed manually. There was a significant effect for the months of collection for the in vitro dry matter disapperance, but not among the collection methods tested. The extrusa collection method showing the highest values (62.1%). There was no difference for crude protein among the simulated grazing and extrusa methods. The CP values for the total availability methods were under 7%. Mean values for the neutral detergent fiber (72.3%) and acid detergent fiber (38.2%) obtained by the collection methods tested confirmed that tropical forrages have high cell wall contents. The samples obtained by the total availability method did not represent the animals ingesta. The collection method influenced the pasture quality evaluation. The hand-plucked method can be a satisfactory estimated for the diet select by the cattle
    corecore