458 research outputs found
“A useful accessory to the infantry, but nothing more”: Tanks at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, September 1916
The Battle of Flers-Courcelette is chiefly remembered as the combat introduction of tanks. The prevailing historiography maligns their performance as a lacklustre debut of a weapon which held so much promise for offensive warfare. However, unit war diaries and individual accounts of the battle suggest that the tank assaults of 15 September 1916 were far from total failures. This paper thus re-examines the role of tanks in the battle from the perspective of Canadian, British and New Zealand infantry. It finds that, rather than disappointing Allied combatants, the tanks largely lived up to their intended role of infantry support
SILC: a new Planck Internal Linear Combination CMB temperature map using directional wavelets
We present new clean maps of the CMB temperature anisotropies (as measured by
Planck) constructed with a novel internal linear combination (ILC) algorithm
using directional, scale-discretised wavelets --- Scale-discretised,
directional wavelet ILC or SILC. Directional wavelets, when convolved with
signals on the sphere, can separate the anisotropic filamentary structures
which are characteristic of both the CMB and foregrounds. Extending previous
component separation methods, which use the frequency, spatial and harmonic
signatures of foregrounds to separate them from the cosmological background
signal, SILC can additionally use morphological information in the foregrounds
and CMB to better localise the cleaning algorithm. We test the method on Planck
data and simulations, demonstrating consistency with existing component
separation algorithms, and discuss how to optimise the use of morphological
information by varying the number of directional wavelets as a function of
spatial scale. We find that combining the use of directional and axisymmetric
wavelets depending on scale could yield higher quality CMB temperature maps.
Our results set the stage for the application of SILC to polarisation
anisotropies through an extension to spin wavelets.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures. Minor changes to match version published in
MNRAS. Map products available at http://www.silc-cmb.or
A framework for testing isotropy with the cosmic microwave background
We present a new framework for testing the isotropy of the Universe using
cosmic microwave background data, building on the nested-sampling ANICOSMO
code. Uniquely, we are able to constrain the scalar, vector and tensor degrees
of freedom alike; previous studies only considered the vector mode (linked to
vorticity). We employ Bianchi type VII cosmologies to model the anisotropic
Universe, from which other types may be obtained by taking suitable limits. In
a separate development, we improve the statistical analysis by including the
effect of Bianchi power in the high-, as well as the low-,
likelihood. To understand the effect of all these changes, we apply our new
techniques to WMAP data. We find no evidence for anisotropy, constraining shear
in the vector mode to (95% CL). For the
first time, we place limits on the tensor mode; unlike other modes, the tensor
shear can grow from a near-isotropic early Universe. The limit on this type of
shear is (95% CL).Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, v3: minor modifications to match version
accepted by MNRA
How isotropic is the Universe?
A fundamental assumption in the standard model of cosmology is that the
Universe is isotropic on large scales. Breaking this assumption leads to a set
of solutions to Einstein's field equations, known as Bianchi cosmologies, only
a subset of which have ever been tested against data. For the first time, we
consider all degrees of freedom in these solutions to conduct a general test of
isotropy using cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization data
from Planck. For the vector mode (associated with vorticity), we obtain a limit
on the anisotropic expansion of (95%
CI), which is an order of magnitude tighter than previous Planck results that
used CMB temperature only. We also place upper limits on other modes of
anisotropic expansion, with the weakest limit arising from the regular tensor
mode, (95% CI). Including all
degrees of freedom simultaneously for the first time, anisotropic expansion of
the Universe is strongly disfavoured, with odds of 121,000:1 against.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, v2: replaced with version accepted by PR
Spin-SILC: CMB polarisation component separation with spin wavelets
We present Spin-SILC, a new foreground component separation method that
accurately extracts the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarisation and
modes from raw multifrequency Stokes and measurements of the
microwave sky. Spin-SILC is an internal linear combination method that uses
spin wavelets to analyse the spin-2 polarisation signal . The
wavelets are additionally directional (non-axisymmetric). This allows different
morphologies of signals to be separated and therefore the cleaning algorithm is
localised using an additional domain of information. The advantage of spin
wavelets over standard scalar wavelets is to simultaneously and
self-consistently probe scales and directions in the polarisation signal and in the underlying and modes, therefore providing the ability
to perform component separation and - decomposition concurrently for the
first time. We test Spin-SILC on full-mission Planck simulations and data and
show the capacity to correctly recover the underlying cosmological and
modes. We also demonstrate a strong consistency of our CMB maps with those
derived from existing component separation methods. Spin-SILC can be combined
with the pseudo- and pure - spin wavelet estimators presented in a
companion paper to reliably extract the cosmological signal in the presence of
complicated sky cuts and noise. Therefore, it will provide a
computationally-efficient method to accurately extract the CMB and
modes for future polarisation experiments.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Minor changes to match version published in
MNRAS. Map products available at http://www.silc-cmb.org. Companion paper:
arXiv:1605.01414 "Wavelet reconstruction of pure E and B modes for CMB
polarisation and cosmic shear analyses" (B. Leistedt et al.
‘Learning for resilience’: Developing community capital through flood action groups in urban flood risk settings with lower social capital
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd The role of civil agency in preparing and adapting to changing risk is an increasingly critical element within devolved local flood risk management. However, effective civil agency for flood resilience needs to draw on, and if necessary develop, community capital. Community Action Groups form one model for local resilience building for flood risk, and one actively supported by some governments. This research evaluates the participatory model of flood group development involving horizontal support rather than top-down or bottom-up generation. The process involved nascent groups working with an NGO facilitator in the implementation of a set of processes framed in the context of ‘learning for resilience’ that supported flood group development in a situation of challenged social capital (lower socio-economic status; health issues, lack of previous flood experience) in the UK. The methodology involved repeat semi-structured interviews with flood group members and flood risk management (FRM) agencies who worked with them through the process, as well as observation of flood group meetings. Results outline how groups emerge from transient and disconnected communities, the value of local knowledge, evolving communication skills and agency, normalisation of group members within participatory processes, frustrations within these processes, group sustainability and FRM agency perspectives. Discussion then critiques the co-working/partnership model and assesses its implications for social ‘learning for resilience’ within challenged flood groups with variable social capital. The authors propose a framework (’The 6Ss’) for anticipating concerns or barriers within such participatory processes as a guide to future local urban DRR practice
Sustainable flood memory: Remembering as resilience
© 2016, © The Author(s) 2016. This article proposes the concept of sustainable flood memory as a critical and agentic form of social and cultural remembering of learning to live with floods. Drawing upon research findings that use the 2007 floods in the South West of England as a case study, we explore and analyse the media representations of flooding, the role of community and communicative memory of past floods for fostering resilience, and map emotional and affective responses to floods. To approach flooding in this way is critical to understanding how communities engage in memory practices (remembering and strategically forgetting) in order to cope with environmental changes. Moreover, the article embraces a research design and strategy in which ‘memory studies’ is brought into a conversation not only with geography (mental maps), social sciences and flood risk management policy but also with stakeholders and communities who collect, archive and remember flood histories in their respective regions
Impacts of the climatic change on the hydrology of the Eden catchment in Scotland, UK using DiCaSM model approach
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