Foreign Personal Representatives

In dealing with the legal rules affecting foreign personal representatives, the author of the present monograph is to be commended for the lucid analysis in the following pages of the principal questions that an executor or administrator appointed in one state will encounter in the administration of a single estate on a multi-jurisdictional basis: his right to sue and liability to suit in other states, the effects of his extra-legal action outside the state of his appointment, and the possibilities of reforming existing laws so as to make feasible a system of single administration of decedents\u27 estates. This analysis is preceded in the first chapter by a useful historical and comparative survey, summarizing the basic differences between the Civil Law system of universal succession and the Anglo-American system of divided administration and suggesting that the latter, as derived from the practice in the ecclesiastical courts, is in a sense an historical accident. Doubtless, the principle of the latter system that the management of a single mass of property should be divided, for official purposes, among as many jurisdictions as there may be in which property is found, owes its durability to the dispersion of authority in the field of private law within the United States and in the international sphere. But the principle is a source of practical difficulty that has inspired the important exceptions that have had to be introduced to secure a reasonable measure of adjustment in settling estates in a world governed by many territorial sovereigns. It is to the author\u27s credit that he has not limited himself to careful consideration of these improvisations but has also constructively contemplated the needs of modern life that argue for the development of a unified system to administer estates that pass on death. This is a subject that obviously concerns every lawyer and everyone else.https://repository.law.umich.edu/michigan_legal_studies/1016/thumbnail.jp

Foreign Personal Representatives

In dealing with the legal rules affecting foreign personal representatives, the author of the present monograph is to be commended for the lucid analysis in the following pages of the principal questions that an executor or administrator appointed in one state will encounter in the administration of a single estate on a multi-jurisdictional basis: his right to sue and liability to suit in other states, the effects of his extra-legal action outside the state of his appointment, and the possibilities of reforming existing laws so as to make feasible a system of single administration of decedents\u27 estates. This analysis is preceded in the first chapter by a useful historical and comparative survey, summarizing the basic differences between the Civil Law system of universal succession and the Anglo-American system of divided administration and suggesting that the latter, as derived from the practice in the ecclesiastical courts, is in a sense an historical accident. Doubtless, the principle of the latter system that the management of a single mass of property should be divided, for official purposes, among as many jurisdictions as there may be in which property is found, owes its durability to the dispersion of authority in the field of private law within the United States and in the international sphere. But the principle is a source of practical difficulty that has inspired the important exceptions that have had to be introduced to secure a reasonable measure of adjustment in settling estates in a world governed by many territorial sovereigns. It is to the author\u27s credit that he has not limited himself to careful consideration of these improvisations but has also constructively contemplated the needs of modern life that argue for the development of a unified system to administer estates that pass on death. This is a subject that obviously concerns every lawyer and everyone else.https://repository.law.umich.edu/michigan_legal_studies/1016/thumbnail.jp

Genetic heterogeneity of Atlantic bluefin tuna caught in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland

Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) are currently managed by the member nations of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) as distinct western and eastern stocks, separated by the 45 degrees W meridian. Previous studies of Atlantic bluefin tuna caught in the northeast Atlantic south of Nor-way suggested mixing of putative stocks in the region, based on abrupt shifts in the size and condition of fish during the fishing season. By contrast, more recent studies south of Iceland reported only small differences in size of tuna caught at different times of the season in that area. To better understand the stock structure and composition of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the region, we Surveyed genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci for 800 Atlantic bluefin tuna collected in experimental commercial fishing operations south of Iceland during 1999 and 2002. We tested for heterogeneity between years, between seasons within a year, between two fishing areas within the region, and between sexes. Analysis of molecular variation demonstrated slight, but significant, genetic divergence between collections of fish caught early and late in the season over the two years. These results are consistent with prior observations of Atlantic bluefin tuna of different conditions entering the fishery through the season, and suggest that the northeast Atlantic fishery represents a mixed-stock fishery including animals migrating from different areas and recruited from different spawning grounds. (c) 2006 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

Cartilage Regeneration on a Large Articular Surface Facilitated by Stress Shielding

An animal model for the study of articular cartilage regeneration in-vivo facilitated by stress-shielding is introduced. The object of the model is to test the hypothesis that some form of cartilaginous tissue will grow upon a large joint surface in vivo with the joint in normal motion. The model utilizes the known capability of immature cells to differentiate. The source of cells is bleeding subchondral bone. In addition, the model provides a mechanically shielded environment in which cell differentiation and maturation can occur. The study showed that a substantial amount of tissue will grow in the animal model only when the new tissue is relieved of the normal joint stresses. The characteristics of the new tissue were observed after 12 weeks of growth. Gross observation showed that the new tissue grew to completely surround the shielding devices and covered the entire articular surface. The new tissue grew to the height of the shielded area (2 to 3mm.). Histologic evidence indicated the new growth was largely fibrous in nature but with some areas of newly differentiated chondrocytes. Biomechanical analyses quantified the tissue as being a soft, permeable neocartilage: biochemical evaluations dem­onstrated increased hydration with small amounts of proteoglycans. These characteristics are inferior to normal cartilage. Never the less, the tissue quality is as good or better than that obtained in other models and it grew to cover a significantly larger articulating surface than all other experimental models. Material obtained in this experiment provides a baseline of data for future experiments designed to manipulate the new tissue using tissue engi­neering methods and to learn how the new tissue will tolerate exposure to reintroduced normal stress

Patterns of Morphological Variation of \u3ci\u3eSalsuginus yutanensis\u3c/i\u3e (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) over Space and Time

Salsuginus yutanensis occurs on the gills of the Plains topminnow Fundulus sciadicus Cope. The fish of this species have been found to vary morphologically and biochemically among disjunct populations. Morphological characteristics of the sclerotized parts of S. yutanensis were examined from three localities in Nebraska, over a 2-yr collecting period. Analysis of variance was used to assess morphological variation with respect to site and date. Worms from two localities, Keith and Saunders counties, differed significantly for most characters considered. A third site, also in Keith County, contained worms for which measurement means tended to be intermediate between those in the other two sites. This site-related difference was maintained over a pattern of broad seasonal variation and suggests that the site-related differences are of evolutionary origin. If this interpretation is true, then the parasite populations likely are isolated in a manner analogous to those of the host. However, differences due to effects of temperature on worm development were not ruled out as possible explanations for the observations although consistent temperature differences between the sites are unlikely, given the nature of the habitats studied

Dissolved organic carbon uptake in streams: A review and assessment of reach‐scale measurements

Quantifying the role that freshwater ecosystems play in the global carbon cycle requires accurate measurement and scaling of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in river networks. We reviewed reach‐scale measurements of DOC uptake from experimental additions of simple organic compounds or leachates to inform development of aquatic DOC models that operate at the river network, regional, or continental scale. Median DOC uptake velocity (vf) across all measurements was 2.28 mm min−1. Measurements using simple compound additions resulted in faster vf (2.94 mm min−1) than additions of leachates (1.11 mm min−1). We also reviewed published data of DOC bioavailability for ambient stream water and leaf leachate DOC from laboratory experiments. We used these data to calculate and apply a correction factor to leaf leachate uptake velocity to estimate ambient stream water DOC uptake rates at the reach scale. Using this approach, we estimated a median ambient stream DOC vf of 0.26 mm min−1. Applying these DOC vf values (0.26, 1.11, 2.28, and 2.94 mm min−1) in a river network inverse model in seven watersheds revealed that our estimated ambient DOC vf value is plausible at the network scale and 27 to 45% of DOC input was removed. Applying the median measured simple compound or leachate vf in whole river networks would require unjustifiably high terrestrial DOC inputs to match observed DOC concentrations at the basin mouth. To improve the understanding and importance of DOC uptake in fluvial systems, we recommend using a multiscale approach coupling laboratory assays, with reach‐scale measurements, and modeling

Small business strategic management practices and performance: A configurational approach

Small businesses contribute to society on many fronts: job creation, tax revenues, functional products and services, charitable donations, technological developments, and social contributions to communities. Given these contributions, and small firms’ limited resources, it is important to understand what strategic management practices (SMPs)–activities engaged to develop and implement strategy–positively impact small firm performance. Small business leaders may apply various combinations of SMPs to achieve performance objectives. Here, we apply Fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to explore how various combinations of six different SMPs–entrepreneurial orientation (EO), strategic planning, goal setting, total quality management (TQM), social capital, and small business owners’ analysis of financial ratios–affect performance. From a sample of U.S. printing companies, we found four different configurations of SMPs related to higher small business performance

Genetic structure of Eurasian badgers Meles meles (Carnivora: Mustelidae) and the colonization history of Ireland

The present study examined the contemporary genetic composition of the Eurasian badger, Meles meles, in Ireland, Britain and Western Europe, using six nuclear microsatellite loci and a 215-bp fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Significant population structure was evident within Europe (global multilocus microsatellite FST = 0.205, P \u3c 0.001; global mitochondrial control region FST = 0.399, P \u3c 0.001). Microsatellite-based cluster analyses detected one population in Ireland, whereas badgers from Britain could be subdivided into several populations. Excluding the island populations of Ireland and Britain, badgers from Western Europe showed further structuring, with evidence of discrete Scandinavian, Central European, and Spanish populations. Mitochondrial DNA cluster analysis grouped the Irish population with Scandinavia and Spain, whereas the majority of British haplotypes grouped with those from Central Europe. The findings of the present study suggest that British and Irish badger populations colonized from different refugial areas, or that there were different waves of colonization from the source population. There are indications for the presence of an Atlantic fringe element, which has been seen in other Irish species. We discuss the results in light of the controversy about natural versus human-mediated introductions. (c) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, ,

KEAP1 Is Required for Artesunate Anticancer Activity in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Artesunate is the most common treatment for malaria throughout the world. Artesunate has anticancer activity likely through the induction of reactive oxygen species, the same mechanism of action utilized in Plasmodium falciparum infections. Components of the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway, which regulates cellular response to oxidative stress, are mutated in approximately 30% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC); therefore, we tested the hypothesis that KEAP1 is required for artesunate sensitivity in NSCLC. Dose response assays identified A549 cells, which have a G333C-inactivating mutation in KEAP1, as resistant to artesunate, with an IC50 of 23.6 µM, while H1299 and H1563 cells were sensitive to artesunate, with a 10-fold lower IC50. Knockdown of KEAP1 through siRNA caused increased resistance to artesunate in H1299 cells. Alternatively, the pharmacological inhibition of NRF2, which is activated downstream of KEAP1 loss, by ML385 partially restored sensitivity of A549 cells to artesunate, and the combination of artesunate and ML385 was synergistic in both A549 and H1299 cells. These findings demonstrate that KEAP1 is required for the anticancer activity of artesunate and support the further development of NRF2 inhibitors to target patients with mutations in the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway