88 research outputs found
Above- and below-ground competition effects of two heathland species: implications for growth and response to herbivory in birch saplings
We examined experimentally the effect of competition from two common heathland plant species (Calluna vulgaris or Molinia caerulea) on Betula pubescens saplings subjected to simulated mammalian browsing damage. We tested two hypotheses: that B. pubescens saplings alter their growth allocation in response to different patterns of competition from the two species in order to maximise resource acquisition; and that, when only B. pubescens saplings are damaged, herbivory reduces its ability to compete with both species.
In an ex-situ experiment we grew B. pubescens saplings in the presence of below- or above- and below-ground interactions from C. vulgaris or M. caerulea. Saplings were also subjected to simulated browsing by clipping (50% of current year's growth), either pre-senescence or at bud-burst. We measured the morphology and dry mass allocation response of the saplings over a period of two years.
We found that competition reduced sapling dry mass by approximately 50%, but C. vulgaris reduced dry mass to a greater extent than did M. caerulea. The total competition intensity of C. vulgaris was greater than that of M. caerulea, due to an apparent facilitative effect of M. caerulea shoots on birch growth. Saplings compensated for browsing damage, resulting in no difference in dry mass one year after damage. However, sapling morphological responses to browsing damage were dependent on the competing species.
Despite the large competitive effect of below-ground interactions, saplings did not increase allocation to root growth as predicted. Additionally, in response to above-ground interactions from M. caeruela, saplings increased allocation to root growth.
This study highlights the importance of patterns, as well as intensity, of competition in determining plant responses to inter-specific interactions. Sapling responses did not follow the pattern predicted by the balanced-growth hypothesis. We suggest that this is due to the multi-functionality of plant component parts and the balance between competitive and facilitative effects of interacting plants
How do different competing species influence the response of Betula pubescens Ehrh. to browsing?
When attempting to expand existing woodland through natural regeneration, herbivory
and competition from the existing vegetation may impede the regenerating saplings. This
work addresses how browsing and competition with other vegetation interact to drive
sapling growth and morphology of the widespread tree species B. pubescens.
We took above-ground morphological measurements of B. pubescens saplings within an
intimate mosaic of Calluna vulgaris and Molinia caerulea, comparing saplings growing
with each of the two plant species under three different red deer (Cervus elaphus)
densities, allowing comparison of different levels of both past and present levels of
browsing damage.
Saplings growing in M. caerulea dominated vegetation responded to reduced browsing
with faster growth than those growing in C. vulgaris dominated vegetation. However, we
found that when natural browsing levels were high, browsing masked any differences in
inter-specific interactions between plant species. We propose that, in regeneration
schemes where deer densities are reduced, these differences should confer a competitive
advantage to saplings growing with M. caerulea over those growing with C. vulgaris.
Additionally, our results highlight the importance of browsing history, rather than just
current browsing levels, in determining sapling growth responses under different
herbivore management regimes.
This study highlights the importance of multi-factor interactions in determining plant
growth and morphology under different conditions. In particular we identify the
prevalence of interactions between competition, herbivory and time, as determining the
potential growth and morphology of B. pubescens saplings in regeneration areas. This has
important implications for the management of sites where browsing impedes the natural regeneration of trees and shrubs, or where herbivore densities have been reduced to
encourage woodland regeneration
Is cosmology consistent?
We perform a detailed analysis of the latest CMB measurements (including
BOOMERaNG, DASI, Maxima and CBI), both alone and jointly with other
cosmological data sets involving, e.g., galaxy clustering and the Lyman Alpha
Forest. We first address the question of whether the CMB data are internally
consistent once calibration and beam uncertainties are taken into account,
performing a series of statistical tests. With a few minor caveats, our answer
is yes, and we compress all data into a single set of 24 bandpowers with
associated covariance matrix and window functions. We then compute joint
constraints on the 11 parameters of the ``standard'' adiabatic inflationary
cosmological model. Out best fit model passes a series of physical consistency
checks and agrees with essentially all currently available cosmological data.
In addition to sharp constraints on the cosmic matter budget in good agreement
with those of the BOOMERaNG, DASI and Maxima teams, we obtain a heaviest
neutrino mass range 0.04-4.2 eV and the sharpest constraints to date on gravity
waves which (together with preference for a slight red-tilt) favors
``small-field'' inflation models.Comment: Replaced to match accepted PRD version. 14 pages, 12 figs. Tiny
changes due to smaller DASI & Maxima calibration errors. Expanded neutrino
and tensor discussion, added refs, typos fixed. Combined CMB data, window and
covariance matrix at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/consistent.html or from
[email protected]
Measurement of the B0-anti-B0-Oscillation Frequency with Inclusive Dilepton Events
The - oscillation frequency has been measured with a sample of
23 million \B\bar B pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II
asymmetric B Factory at SLAC. In this sample, we select events in which both B
mesons decay semileptonically and use the charge of the leptons to identify the
flavor of each B meson. A simultaneous fit to the decay time difference
distributions for opposite- and same-sign dilepton events gives ps.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Physical Review Letter
Weak Lensing and CMB: Parameter forecasts including a running spectral index
We use statistical inference theory to explore the constraints from future
galaxy weak lensing (cosmic shear) surveys combined with the current CMB
constraints on cosmological parameters, focusing particularly on the running of
the spectral index of the primordial scalar power spectrum, . Recent
papers have drawn attention to the possibility of measuring by
combining the CMB with galaxy clustering and/or the Lyman- forest. Weak
lensing combined with the CMB provides an alternative probe of the primordial
power spectrum. We run a series of simulations with variable runnings and
compare them to semi-analytic non-linear mappings to test their validity for
our calculations. We find that a ``Reference'' cosmic shear survey with
and galaxies per steradian can reduce the
uncertainty on and by roughly a factor of 2 relative to the
CMB alone. We investigate the effect of shear calibration biases on lensing by
including the calibration factor as a parameter, and show that for our
Reference Survey, the precision of cosmological parameter determination is only
slightly degraded even if the amplitude calibration is uncertain by as much as
5%. We conclude that in the near future weak lensing surveys can supplement the
CMB observations to constrain the primordial power spectrum.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, revtex4. Final form to appear in Phys Rev
Separating the Early Universe from the Late Universe: cosmological parameter estimation beyond the black box
We present a method for measuring the cosmic matter budget without
assumptions about speculative Early Universe physics, and for measuring the
primordial power spectrum P*(k) non-parametrically, either by combining CMB and
LSS information or by using CMB polarization. Our method complements currently
fashionable ``black box'' cosmological parameter analysis, constraining
cosmological models in a more physically intuitive fashion by mapping
measurements of CMB, weak lensing and cluster abundance into k-space, where
they can be directly compared with each other and with galaxy and Lyman alpha
forest clustering. Including the new CBI results, we find that CMB measurements
of P(k) overlap with those from 2dF galaxy clustering by over an order of
magnitude in scale, and even overlap with weak lensing measurements. We
describe how our approach can be used to raise the ambition level beyond
cosmological parameter fitting as data improves, testing rather than assuming
the underlying physics.Comment: Replaced to match accepted PRD version. Refs added. Combined CMB data
and window functions at http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/pwindows.html or from
[email protected]. 18 figs, 19 journal page
Nitrate supply and the biophysics of leaf growth in salix viminalis
The influence of nitrogen on leaf area development and the biophysics of leaf growth was studied using clonal plants of the shrub willow, Salix viminalis grown with either optimal (High N) or sub-optimal (Low N) supplies of nitrate. Leaf growth rate and final leaf size were reduced in the sub-optimal treatment and the data suggest that in young rapidly growing leaves, this was primarily due to changes in cell wall properties, since cell wall extensibility (% plasticity) was reduced in the Low N plants.The biophysical regulation of leaf cell expansion also differed with nitrogen treatment as leaves aged. In the High N leaves, leaf cell turgor pressure (P) increased with age whilst in the Low N leaves P declined with age, again suggesting that for young leaves, cell wall plasticity limited expansion in the Low N plants. Measurements of cell wall properties showed that cell wall elasticity (%E) was not influenced by nitrogen treatment and remained constant regardless of leaf age
Do competition and herbivory alter the internal nitrogen dynamics of birch saplings?
• Deciduous trees recycle nitrogen (N) within their tissues. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reductions in plant growth, due to competition and herbivory, reduce the sink strength for N during autumn nutrient withdrawal and reduce the storage capacity and hence the amount of N remobilised in the following spring.
• We used 15N labelled fertiliser to quantify N uptake, leaf-N withdrawal and remobilisation. Betula pubescens saplings were grown with either Molinia caerulea or Calluna vulgaris, and subjected to simulated browsing damage.
• Competition reduced B. pubescens leaf-N withdrawal and remobilisation, with C. vulgaris having a greater effect than M. caerulea. However, simulated browsing had no significant effect on sapling N dynamics. The patterns of leaf-N withdrawal and remobilisation closely followed sapling dry mass.
• We conclude that the effect of competition on sapling mass reduces their N storage capacity. This reduces sink-strength for leaf-N withdrawal and the source-strength for remobilised N. The ability of saplings to compensate for browsing damage removed any potential effect of browsing on N dynamics
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