Duties of Members, Directors, and Managers of Cooperative Associations

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The effect of surface temperature and Reynolds number on the leeward heat-transfer for a shuttle orbiter

The effect of windward surface temperature on the heat transfer to the leeward surface of the shuttle orbiter was investigated. Heat-transfer distributions, surface-pressure distributions, and schlieren photographs were obtained for an 0.01-scale model of the 37-0 shuttle orbiter at angles-of-attack of 30 deg and of 40 deg. Similar data were obtained for a fuselage-only configuration at angles-of-attack of 30 deg and of 90 deg. Data were obtained for various Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and surface temperatures

An ontology for ISO software engineering standards: 1) Creating the infrastructure

Software engineering standards developed under the auspices of ISO/IEC JTC1's SC7 have been identified as employing terms whose definitions vary significantly between standards. This led to a request in 2012 to investigate the creation of an ontological infrastructure that aims to be a single coherent underpinning for all SC7 standards, present and future. Here, we develop that necessary infrastructure prior to its adoption by SC7 and its implementation (likely 2014). The proposal described here requires, firstly, the identification of a single comprehensive set of definitions, the definitional elements ontology (DEO). For the scope of an individual standard, only a subset of these definitional elements will be needed. Once configured, this definitional subset creates a configured definitional ontology or CDO. Both the DEO and the CDO are essentially foundational ontologies from which a domain-specific ontology known as a SDO or standard domain ontology can be created. Consequently, all such SDOs are conformant to a CDO and hence to the single DEO thus ensuring that all standards use the same ontological base. Standards developed in this fashion will therefore be not only of a higher quality but also, importantly, interoperable. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Molecular adaptation of ruminal epithelia to highly fermentable diets

Feeding highly fermentable diets to ruminants is one strategy to increase energy intake. The increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and reduced ruminal pH associated with highly fermentable diets imposes a challenge to the metabolism and the regulation of intracellular pH homeostasis of ruminal epithelia. The ruminal epithelia respond to these challenges in a coordinated manner. Whereas the enlargement of absorptive surface area is well documented, emerging evidence at the mRNA and transporter and enzyme activity levels indicate that changes in epithelial cell function may be the initial response. It is not surprising that gene expression analysis has identified pathways involved in fatty acid metabolism, ion transport, and intracellular homeostasis to be the pathways dominantly affected during adaptation and after adaptation to a highly fermentable diet. These findings are important because the intraepithelial metabolism of SCFA, particularly butyrate, helps to maintain the concentration gradient between the cytosol and lumen, thereby facilitating absorption. Butyrate metabolism also controls the intracellular availability of butyrate, which is widely regarded as a signaling molecule. Current data indicate that for butyrate metabolism, 3-hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl-CoA synthase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase are potential regulatory points with transient up- and downregulation during diet adaptation. In addition to nutrient transport and utilization, genes involved in the maintenance of cellular tight junction integrity and induction of inflammation have been identified as differentially expressed genes during adaptation to highly fermentable diets. This may have important implications on ruminal epithelial barrier function and the inflammatory response often associated with subacute ruminal acidosis. The objective of this review is to summarize ruminal epithelial adaptation to highly fermentable diets focusing on the changes at the enzyme and transporter activity levels, as well as the underlying molecular changes at the mRNA and protein expression levels

Survival of \u3ci\u3eEnterococcus faecium\u3c/i\u3ein Turkey Litter Under Different Temperature and Moisture Combinations

Untreated poultry litter introduces a substantial load of fecal pathogens to the environment, impacting agriculture, public health and ecosystem function. There is substantial evidence that temperature and moisture are the primary drivers of fecal bacteria survival across ecosystems. However, both temperature and moisture effects have been shown to be modulated by the matrix in which the fecal bacteria are living. This context dependence highlights the importance of understanding fecal bacteria survival in a variety of matrices in order to implement effective waste management plans. In this study, we determined the survival patterns of Enterococcus faecium in post-use turkey litter under two levels of temperature (5°C, 30°C) and moisture (E. faecium abundance did not change over the course of 14 days. However, at 30°C, the low moisture treatment resulted in 23% decrease in E. faecium concentration over 14 days, while the high moisture treatment resulted in 16% growth over the course of the experiment. Since high temperature is usually sufficient to result in fecal bacteria decay in other matrices, this study highlights the context dependence of fecal bacteria survival. Furthermore, poultry litter waste-management plans should consider both temperature and moisture of litter storage conditions in order to mitigate litter impacts on public health

Closed-form sums for some perturbation series involving associated Laguerre polynomials

Infinite series sum_{n=1}^infty {(alpha/2)_n / (n n!)}_1F_1(-n, gamma, x^2), where_1F_1(-n, gamma, x^2)={n!_(gamma)_n}L_n^(gamma-1)(x^2), appear in the first-order perturbation correction for the wavefunction of the generalized spiked harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian H = -d^2/dx^2 + B x^2 + A/x^2 + lambda/x^alpha 0 0, A >= 0. It is proved that the series is convergent for all x > 0 and 2 gamma > alpha, where gamma = 1 + (1/2)sqrt(1+4A). Closed-form sums are presented for these series for the cases alpha = 2, 4, and 6. A general formula for finding the sum for alpha/2 = 2 + m, m = 0,1,2, ..., in terms of associated Laguerre polynomials, is also provided.Comment: 16 page

Green's function for a Schroedinger operator and some related summation formulas

Summation formulas are obtained for products of associated Lagurre polynomials by means of the Green's function K for the Hamiltonian H = -{d^2\over dx^2} + x^2 + Ax^{-2}, A > 0. K is constructed by an application of a Mercer type theorem that arises in connection with integral equations. The new approach introduced in this paper may be useful for the construction of wider classes of generating function.Comment: 14 page

A Semantic Model for Enhancing Network Services Management and Auditing

The road toward ubiquity, heterogeneity and virtualization of network services and resources urges for a formal and systematic approach to network management tasks. In particular, the semantic characterization and modeling of services provided to users assume an essential role in fostering autonomic service management, service negotiation and auditing. This paper is centered on the definition of an ontology for multiservice IP networks which intends to address multiple service management goals, namely: (i) to foster client and service provider interoperability; (ii) to manage network service contracts, facilitating the dynamic negotiation between clients and ISPs; (iii) to access and query SLA/SLSs data on an individual or aggregated basis to assist service provisioning in the network; and (iv) to sustain service monitoring and auditing. In order to take full advantage of the proposed semantic model, a service model API is provided to allow service management platforms to access the ontological contents. This ontological development also takes advantage of SWRL to discover new knowledge, enriching the possibilities of systems described using this support

Injury Trends in Men’s English Professional Football: An 11-year Case Series

Background There is a paucity of longitudinal epidemiological injury data in football players competing in the English Football League (EFL). The aim of this study was to report the incidence, site and nature of injury in professional male football players over 11 seasons. Study Design Retrospective case series. Methods Three-hundred and sixty-three professional football players from four squads competing in the EFL. Data collection procedures followed the guidelines set out in the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) consensus for all 11 seasons. Injury incidence per 1000 hours was estimated from match and training exposure. Results Overall injury incidence was 6.5/1000 hours (95% CI 5.6-7.5). Incidence of injury in match play was significantly higher than training (58/1000 hours, 95% CI 38.4-83.8 v 2.8/1000 hours, 95% CI 1.8-5.2, P<0.001). Re-injuries constituted 6.1% (55/907) of all injuries and caused longer absences than initial injury (15 vs 9). A total of 907 injuries were recorded. No significant differences were found between overall (P=0.935), training (P=0.752) and match (P=0.882) incidence and muscle (P=0.728) and ligament (P=0.991) injuries between seasons. There was a significant increase in the number of hamstring injuries occurring during match play across seasons (R2=0.450, b=0.575, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.1, P=0.024). Moderate severity injuries accounted for 32.6% of all injuries (21-45.5%, 296/907), with a mean (SD) time loss of 18 (33) days per injury. Conclusions Whilst overall incidence rates remain stable; the incidence of hamstring injuries remains high and re-injuries had a higher severity than initial injuries. Moderate injuries were the most frequent and on average you can expect injury burden of 18 days per injury per season