Carbon contamination topography analysis of EUV masks

The impact of carbon contamination on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks is significant due to throughput loss and potential effects on imaging performance. Current carbon contamination research primarily focuses on the lifetime of the multilayer surfaces, determined by reflectivity loss and reduced throughput in EUV exposure tools. However, contamination on patterned EUV masks can cause additional effects on absorbing features and the printed images, as well as impacting the efficiency of cleaning process. In this work, several different techniques were used to determine possible contamination topography. Lithographic simulations were also performed and the results compared with the experimental data

Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Inadequate protein intake is known to be deleterious in animals. Using WHO consensus documents for human nutrient requirements, the protein:energy ratio (P:E) of an adequate diet is > 5%. Cassava has a very low protein content. This study tested the hypothesis that Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as their staple food are at greater risk for inadequate dietary protein intake than those children who consume less cassava.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A 24 hour dietary recall was used to determine the food and nutrient intake of 656 Nigerian and 449 Kenyan children aged 2-5 years residing in areas where cassava is a staple food. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Diets were scored for diversity using a 12 point score. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients were calculated to relate the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava was > 25% in 35% of Nigerian children and 89% of Kenyan children. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.0 in Nigerian children and 4.5 in Kenyan children, although the mean number of different foods consumed on the survey day in Nigeria was greater than Kenya, 7.0 compared to 4.6. 13% of Nigerian and 53% of Kenyan children surveyed had inadequate protein intake. The fraction of dietary energy derived from cassava was negatively correlated with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity. Height-for age z score was directly associated with protein intake and negatively associated with cassava consumption using regression modeling that controlled for energy and zinc intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Inadequate protein intake was found in the diets of Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as a staple food. Inadequate dietary protein intake is associated with stunting in this population. Interventions to increase protein intake in this vulnerable population should be the focus of future work.</p

Children Consuming Cassava as a Staple Food are at Risk for Inadequate Zinc, Iron, and Vitamin A Intake

Cassava contains little zinc, iron, and β-carotene, yet it is the primary staple crop of over 250 million Africans. This study used a 24-hour dietary recall to test the hypothesis that among healthy children aged 2–5 years in Nigeria and Kenya, cassava’s contribution to the childrens’ daily diets is inversely related to intakes of zinc, iron, and vitamin A. Dietary and demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected from 449 Kenyan and 793 Nigerian children. Among Kenyan children 89% derived at least 25% of their dietary energy from cassava, while among the Nigerian children 31% derived at least 25% of energy from cassava. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava and vitamin A intake was r = −0.15, P < 0.0001, zinc intake was r = −0.11, P < 0.0001 and iron intake was r = −0.36, P < 0.0001. In Kenya, 59% of children consumed adequate vitamin A, 22% iron, and 31% zinc. In Nigeria, 17% of children had adequate intake of vitamin A, 57% iron, and 41% zinc. Consumption of cassava is a risk factor for inadequate vitamin A, zinc and/or iron intake

Status of Breast Self Examination Among Health Professsional Of Abia State University Teaching Hospital

Breast self-examination (BSE) is recommended for breast cancer screening but most Nigerian women do not perform BSE regularly. Breast cancer, a significant cause of mortality, can often be detected in an early stage. This may be achieved by mammography, physical examination by skilled practitioners or through breast self-examination. In this preliminary study, we present the responses received on breast self-examination among health professionals at the Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba, Abia State. One hundred questionaires were distributed to final year female medical students, house officers interns, pharmacists and nurses. Out of the 100 dstributed, respondents were 94 (94%). Among the 94 it was found out that 79 (84) practice Breast self-examination, but the number that examine their breast monthly was only 45 (47.9%). With this low level of monthly breast self-examination, there is the need to create the awareness and encourage the regular monthly practice. Among the repondents 74 (78.7%) knew the gravity of breast cancer.Key words: Breast self-examination, Cancer Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy Vol. 4 (1) 2005: 55-5

Pattern of urethral strictures in Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba

No Abstract.JOMIP Vol. 5 2004: pp. 8-1

Clinical features of lower urinary tract calculi in Abia state

No Abstract.JOMIP Vol. 5 2004: pp. 23-2

Transanal evisceration of the small bowel from blunt abdominal trauma

Evisceration of the small intestine through the anus has been reported to occur spontaneously and in association with trauma. Small bowel evisceration through a rectal injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma has been documented in association with a variety of injury mechanisms. We report a case of a 19 year old boy who sustained blunt injury to the thigh and pelvic region with a traumatic evisceration of the small bowel through the anus. There were no apparent abdominal injuries on examination. Unlike most cases reported in the medical literature, there was extensive peritoneal soiling with fecal matter as a result of multiple perforations of the small bowel. The disparity between the physical findings at initial examination and the extensive intra-peritoneal injuries seen at laparatomy calls for a high index of suspicion in such cases

Incidence of breast cancer in breast biopsies in Abia State University Teaching Hospital, Aba

No Abstract.JOMIP Vol. 5 2004: pp. 33-3