Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in KRAS-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

International audienc

Contrasting Patterns of Nuclear and mtDNA Diversity in Native American Populations

We report an integrated analysis of nuclear (autosomal, X- and Y-chromosome) short tandem repeat (STR) data and mtDNA D-loop sequences obtained in the same set of 22 Native populations from across the Americas. A north to south gradient of decreasing population diversity was observed, in agreement with a settlement of the Americas from the extreme northwest of the continent. This correlation is stronger with "least cost distances," which consider the coasts as facilitators of migration. Continent-wide estimates of population structure are highest for the Y-chromosome and lowest for the autosomes, consistent with the effective size of the different marker systems examined. Population differentiation is highest in East South America and lowest in Meso America and the Andean region. Regional analyses suggest a deviation from mutation-drift equilibrium consistent with population expansion in Meso America and the Andes and population contraction in Northwest and East South America. These d

Genotypes, allele frequencies, and geographic locations of the Native American populations investigated.

1<p>Samples genotyped in present study  = 229;</p>2<p>Caution is needed regarding the classification of these modes of subsistence, since they are not stable over time and may not be unique. However, the two categories adopted here (agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer/forager) represent general pre-Columbian subsistence conditions of the investigated populations in accordance with what is known about them. AMOVA results: (a) Among the subdivisions (<i>F_CT</i>): 3.6% (<i>p</i> = 0.000); (b) Among populations within the Mesoamerican Agriculturalist subdivision (<i>F_ST):</i> 1.8% (<i>p</i> = 0.008); (c) Among populations within the South American hunter-gatherer/forager subdivision: 5.3% (<i>p</i> = 0.005); Among populations within the Andean Agriculturarist group: 0% (<i>p</i> = 0.36).</p

Zea pollen relics ages and 230Cys*ABCA1 populations frequencies used for the regression analysis.

1<p>Located near the archeological sites of <i>Zea</i> pollen relics; 2 Conversion according to <a href="http://www.radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/radcarbcal.htm" target="_blank">www.radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/radcarbcal.htm</a>.</p>2<p>Data relative to archeological information were obtained from Blake (2006).</p

Plot of the joint <i>F_ST</i> and <i>He</i> distributions for the Mesoamerican agriculturalist <i>versus</i> South American (agriculturalists + hunter-gatherer/foraging) groups.

<p>Each dot indicates a SNP (listed in item c.2 in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038862#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section). The lines represent confidence intervals. Only the <i>ABCA1</i> locus showed significance at the 5% level (filled blue circle). Five selected SNPs were not plotted in the figure because of monomorphic sites in all subdivisions, missing data, and/or dot superposition.</p