418 research outputs found

    Development of multilayer barrier films based on blends of thermoplastic starch and polyethylene

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    Les emballages jouent un rĂŽle majeur dans la protection des produits. Dans le cas des emballages alimentaires, leur fonction est d’augmenter la durĂ©e de conservation des produits et de limiter ainsi les dĂ©chets alimentaires. Pour ce faire, ces emballages doivent rĂ©pondre Ă  des exigences Ă©levĂ©es en terme de barriĂšre aux gaz. Les polyolĂ©fines conventionnelles particuliĂšrement hydrophobes comme le polyĂ©thylĂšne ou le polypropylĂšne sont d’excellentes barriĂšres Ă  l’humiditĂ© mais de mauvaises barriĂšres face Ă  l’oxygĂšne. Les matĂ©riaux prĂ©sentant de faibles permĂ©abilitĂ©s Ă  l’oxygĂšne couramment utilisĂ©s dans l’industrie sont des polymĂšres polaires comme les polyvinyles alcool ou les polyamides. Typiquement, les films barriĂšres sont des assemblages multicouches de polyolĂ©fines et de matĂ©riaux barriĂšres Ă  l’oxygĂšne avec des couches d’adhĂ©sif. Ces derniĂšres, souvent des polyolĂ©fines fonctionnalisĂ©es, sont utilisĂ©es pour Ă©viter la dĂ©lamination. Cependant, ces matĂ©riaux Ă  faible permĂ©abilitĂ© Ă  l’oxygĂšne sont pĂ©tro-sourcĂ©s et relativement chers. De plus, l’utilisation de couches d’adhĂ©sif nĂ©cessite des Ă©quipements de mise en forme plus spĂ©cifiques. GrĂące Ă  sa faible permĂ©abilitĂ© Ă  l’oxygĂšne, l’amidon serait alors une alternative bio-sourcĂ©e intĂ©ressante pour la production de films barriĂšres. Quand il est correctement dĂ©structurĂ© et plastifiĂ©, l’amidon devient thermoplastique (notĂ© TPS) et peut alors ĂȘtre utilisĂ© avec les Ă©quipements conventionnels de mise en forme des polymĂšres. Cependant, Ă  cause de son caractĂšre hydrophile, le TPS est trĂšs sensible Ă  l’humiditĂ©. Le mĂ©lange du TPS avec un matĂ©riau plus hydrophobe tel le polyĂ©thylĂšne basse densitĂ© (LDPE) serait alors un atout en ajoutant une protection au TPS et assurant une bonne barriĂšre Ă  l’humiditĂ© au film. L’objectif de ce projet est le dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©langes co-continus de TPS et de LDPE dans le but de produire des films soufflĂ©s multicouches prĂ©sentant une morphologie lamellaire pour des propriĂ©tĂ©s barriĂšres Ă  l’oxygĂšne amĂ©liorĂ©es. Une premiĂšre partie de cette thĂšse se concentre sur la rhĂ©ologie du TPS, en particulier en analysant l’effet de l’eau et du glycĂ©rol comme plastifiant. Pour ce faire, les mĂ©langes TPS/LDPE Ă  haut taux de TPS ont Ă©tĂ© produits par extrusion bi-vis. La transition de morphologie de mĂ©lange dispersĂ© Ă  une morphologie co-continue est survenue pour des concentrations en TPS aussi basse que 50% en masse mais cette transition a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©placĂ©e vers des concentrations plus importantes en augmentant le ratio de viscositĂ© TPS/LDPE. La seconde partie de cette thĂšse dĂ©crit la production de films soufflĂ©s 3 couches avec le mĂ©lange TPS/LDPE comme couche centrale et des couches externes de LDPE. L’originalitĂ© de cette approche se trouve dans la production en continu du film 3 couches sans couche d’adhĂ©sif. L’utilisation d’une certaine quantitĂ© de compatibilisant dans le mĂ©lange est alors nĂ©cessaire Ă  sa stabilisation et pour Ă©viter la dĂ©lamination des couches de film. Un autre point clĂ© de cette Ă©tude est l’ajout d’argile naturelle dans le mĂ©lange qui amĂ©liore significativement la mise en forme du film. De façon globale, la dĂ©marche mise en place pour cette thĂšse a permis la production de films minces et transparents prĂ©sentant une permĂ©abilitĂ© Ă  l’oxygĂšne rĂ©duite d’un facteur 20 par rapport au LDPE.Packaging plays a crucial role in the protection of goods. In order to increase shelf life and limit product waste, food packaging must comply with very strict standards regarding gas barrier properties. Conventional polyolefins such as polyethylene or polypropylene display very low water permeability due to their hydrophobicity but shows high oxygen permeability. Current industrial solutions to lower oxygen permeability involve the use of highly polar polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyamides. Barrier films are typically a 5-layer assembly with polyolefin outer layers, a central layer comprising the oxygen barrier material and tie layers separating the central and outer layers, improving the interlayer adhesion. The tie layer is commonly a functionalized polyolefin that can react with the barrier material to form covalent bonds. Currently, low oxygen permeability materials are expensive petroleum-based polymers. With its low oxygen permeability, starch could be an interesting bio-based and low-cost alternative material for the preparation of oxygen barrier films. When properly destructurized and plasticized, starch is rendered thermoplastic and can be processed through conventional polymer processing equipment. It is then called thermoplastic starch (TPS). Yet, because of its high hydrophillicity, TPS is very sensitive to moisture. Blending TPS with a more hydrophobic material such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) would result in the protection of TPS and the addition of a water barrier to the film. The aim of this project is to develop co-continuous blends of TPS/LDPE in order to produce 3-layer blown films with a center layer comprised of a TPS/LDPE lamellar blend for improved barrier properties. This thesis first focuses on the rheological behavior of TPS and the effect of water and glycerol as plasticizers on TPS viscosity. TPS/LDPE blends with a high TPS fraction were produced in a twin-screw extruder. The transition from dispersed to co-continuous blend morphology appeared at concentration as low as 50 wt% TPS but this transition was pushed to higher concentration when the TPS/LDPE viscosity ratio was increased. The second part of this work describes the successful production of a 3-layer blown film consisting of a TPS/LDPE blend as inner layer and pure LDPE outer layers. The originality of the approach resides in the continuous blown film production of the 3-layer film without the use of a tie layer. The incorporation of a sufficient amount of compatibilizer in the blend was found to be necessary to its stabilization and to prevent film delamination. Another key point is that the addition of natural clay in the TPS/LDPE blend improves drastically the processing of the multilayer film. Overall, the procedure allows the production of transparent thin films with oxygen barrier properties up to 20 times higher than pure LDPE

    « From Zoo. To Bot. » : putrĂ©faction de l’animal humain et transcendance Ă©cologique dans Being Dead de Jim Crace.

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    En Ă©tudiant la façon dont le roman Being Dead de l’écrivain britannique Jim Crace (1999) met en scĂšne la lente dĂ©composition des cadavres de ses deux personnages principaux, l’article montre comment l’auteur fait de la mort un processus duratif qui rend le sujet humain Ă  son animalitĂ© organique, tout en dĂ©signant cette condition comme la possibilitĂ© d’une forme de transcendance paradoxale : matĂ©rialiste, horizontale et Ă©cologique. Le rĂ©cit est alors interprĂ©tĂ© comme un geste d’inversion des eschatologies idĂ©alistes ainsi que de l’axiologie selon laquelle la rĂ©duction Ă  la matiĂšre s’apparente Ă  une humiliation mĂ©taphysique ; et lu comme un renouvellement contemporain et bio-Ă©cologique des rĂ©cits antiques de consolation.This paper focuses on the novel Being Dead (1999) by British contemporary novelist Jim Crace. Examining more specifically the staging of the slow decomposition of its main characters’ corpses, it shows that death is described as a durative process that highlights the animality and corporality of the human subject. It then contends that the two protagonists’ embodiment and embeddedness appear as the condition of a paradoxical materialist and ecological transcendence. The novel is hence interpreted as an attempt to deliver a non-idealistic afterlife narrative that reverses the axiology according to which reduction to matter is akin to metaphysical humiliation. The paper finally argues that in doing so, Being Dead reads as a contemporary bio-ecological narrative of comfort that renews the ancient genre of consolatio

    La critique de la conception disjonctive et impĂ©rialiste de l’humain dans quelques rĂ©Ă©critures contemporaines de la robinsonnade (J. M. Coetzee, P. Chamoiseau, J. Crace, K. Vonnegut)

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    En s’appuyant sur un ensemble de textes qui, depuis les annĂ©es 1980, se prĂ©sentent comme des rĂ©Ă©critures plus ou moins explicites du cĂ©lĂšbre roman de Defoe, cet article examine la façon dont le rapport de l’humain Ă  la « nature » et au vivant se voit rĂ©-interrogĂ© par les robinsonnades contemporaines. L’étude se focalise en particulier sur la maniĂšre dont ces derniĂšres refusent la posture de sĂ©paration et de domination Ă  l’égard de l’environnement caractĂ©ristique du Robinson de Defoe, et interprĂšte ce geste comme la marque d’une remise en question de l’ontologie dualiste de la modernitĂ© occidentale de mĂȘme que du projet de se rendre comme maĂźtre et possesseur de la nature. L’article examine alors la façon dont le motif de l’empreinte se trouve inflĂ©chi dans un sens Ă©cologique qui s’articule aux inquiĂ©tudes soulevĂ©es par le discours actuel de l’anthropocĂšne.This paper examines a series of literary texts published since the 1980’s that all rewrite with varying degrees of explicitness the famous novel by Daniel Defoe The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, in order to highlight the way contemporary robinsonades engage in a critical reevaluation of the relationship between human and nature as it has been previously featured. Focusing on the way the literary texts under scrutiny avoid the separation and domination schemes typical of Defoe’s Crusoe, the study first argues that such a rejection questions the Western dualistic ontology as well as the modern project aiming at making human beings like masters and possessors of nature. It then considers how the Defoean’s pattern of the footprint is recasted according to contemporary ecological preoccupations, interacting with the anxieties brought out by the so-called « anthropocene »

    Utility of cytokeratin 20 and Ki-67 as markers of urothelial dysplasia

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    Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74783/1/j.1440-1827.2005.01821.x.pd

    Sphingosine Kinase-1 Is Central to Androgen-Regulated Prostate Cancer Growth and Survival

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    BACKGROUND: Sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) is an oncogenic lipid kinase notably involved in response to anticancer therapies in prostate cancer. Androgens regulate prostate cancer cell proliferation, and androgen deprivation therapy is the standard of care in the management of patients with advanced disease. Here, we explored the role of SphK1 in the regulation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth and survival. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Short-term androgen removal induced a rapid and transient SphK1 inhibition associated with a reduced cell growth in vitro and in vivo, an event that was not observed in the hormono-insensitive PC-3 cells. Supporting the critical role of SphK1 inhibition in the rapid effect of androgen depletion, its overexpression could impair the cell growth decrease. Similarly, the addition of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to androgen-deprived LNCaP cells re-established cell proliferation, through an androgen receptor/PI3K/Akt dependent stimulation of SphK1, and inhibition of SphK1 could markedly impede the effects of DHT. Conversely, long-term removal of androgen support in LNCaP and C4-2B cells resulted in a progressive increase in SphK1 expression and activity throughout the progression to androgen-independence state, which was characterized by the acquisition of a neuroendocrine (NE)-like cell phenotype. Importantly, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway--by negatively impacting SphK1 activity--could prevent NE differentiation in both cell models, an event that could be mimicked by SphK1 inhibitors. Fascinatingly, the reversability of the NE phenotype by exposure to normal medium was linked with a pronounced inhibition of SphK1 activity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We report the first evidence that androgen deprivation induces a differential effect on SphK1 activity in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cell models. These results also suggest that SphK1 activation upon chronic androgen deprivation may serve as a compensatory mechanism allowing prostate cancer cells to survive in androgen-depleted environment, giving support to its inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy to delay/prevent the transition to androgen-independent prostate cancer

    Synthesis of dimethylvinylhalogermanes and related compounds

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    Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34148/1/0000433.pd

    Superplastic deformation of directionally solidified nanofibrillar Al2O3-Y3Al5O12-ZrO2 eutectics

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    Nanofibrillar Al2O3–Y3Al5O12–ZrO2 eutectic rods were manufactured by directional solidification from the melt at high growth rates in an inert atmosphere using the laser-heated floating zone method. Under conditions of cooperative growth, the ternary eutectic presented a homogeneous microstructure, formed by bundles of single-crystal c-oriented Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12 (YAG) whiskers of ≈100 nm in width with smaller Y2O3-doped ZrO2 (YSZ) whiskers between them. Owing to the anisotropic fibrillar microstructure, Al2O3–YAG–YSZ ternary eutectics present high strength and toughness at ambient temperature while they exhibit superplastic behavior at 1600 K and above. Careful examination of the deformed samples by transmission electron microscopy did not show any evidence of dislocation activity and superplastic deformation was attributed to mass-transport by diffusion within the nanometric domains. This combination of high strength and toughness at ambient temperature together with the ability to support large deformations without failure above 1600 K is unique and shows a large potential to develop new structural materials for very high temperature structural applications
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