Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on the apnoea-hypopnoea index during sleep in children. Systematic review

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment is prescribed in patients with maxillary compression, achieving increases in transverse palate and nasal cavity dimensions together with an increase in the distance between the pterygoid processes. Sleep apnoea-h

A primary healthcare information intervention for communicating cardiovascular risk to patients with poorly controlled hypertension: The Education and Coronary Risk Evaluation (Educore) study-A pragmatic, cluster-randomized trial

PURPOSE: Uncertainty exists regarding the best way to communicate cardiovascular risk (CVR) to patients, and it is unclear whether the comprehension and perception of CVR varies according to the format used. The aim of the present work was to determine whether a strategy designed for communicating CVR information to patients with poorly controlled high blood pressure (HBP), but with no background of cardiovascular disease, was more effective than usual care in the control of blood pressure (BP) over the course of a year. METHODS: A pragmatic, two-arm, cluster-randomized controlled trial was performed. Consecutive patients aged 40-65 years, all diagnosed with HBP in the last 12 months, and all of whom showed poor control of their condition (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg), were recruited at 22 primary healthcare centres. Eleven centres were randomly assigned to the usual care arm, and 11 to the informative intervention arm (Educore arm). At the start of the study, the Educore arm subjects were shown the "low risk SCORE table", along with impacting images and information pamphlets encouraging the maintenance of good cardiovascular health. The main outcome variable measured was the control of HBP; the secondary outcome variables were SCORE table score, total plasma cholesterol concentration, use of tobacco, adherence to prescribed treatment, and quality of life. RESULTS: The study participants were 411 patients (185 in the Educore arm and 226 in the usual care arm). Multilevel logistic regression showed that, at 12 months, the Educore intervention achieved better control of HBP (OR = 1.57; 1.02 to 2.41). No statistically significant differences were seen between the two arms at 12 months with respect to the secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to usual care, the Educore intervention was associated with better control of HBP after adjusting for age, baseline SBP and plasma cholesterol, at 12 months.This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation via the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigación en Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Servicios de Salud (PI 09/90354), and the Fundación de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica en Atención Primaria (FIIBAP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscriptS

Evolution of the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID national registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID- 19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236- 996) µg/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) µg/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp02/Fi02 (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Modelo predictivo de intubación difícil : estudio cefalométrico y radiográfico

El manejo de la vía aérea es una de las principales responsabilidades del anestesiólogo, ya que durante la anestesia quedan abolidos los mecanismos de compensacion respiratoria, y se produce un bloqueo de dicha vía. El anestesiólogo debe mantener permeable la vía aérea mediante las distintas técnicas de intubación. En ocasiones se encuentran dificultades a la hora de intubar, y esta situación se denomina Intubación Difícil. Es frecuente, 3-37%, complicada de resolver y con graves consecuencias para el paciente, daño cerebral o incluso la muerte. Los sistemas actuales de diagnóstico, test clínicos y pruebas de diagnóstico por imagen, tienen hasta un 80% de fiabilidad y no predicen todos los casos. Basándose en los trabajos y estudios cefalométricos de distintos autores, y ante la poca fiabilidad de los métodos actuales de diagnóstico de la Intubación Difícil, se plantea la posibilidad de diseñar un análisis cefalométrico con medidas específicas de la vía aérea. Estas variables con los valores normales, tendrían la capacidad suficiente para predecir la Intubación Difícil. Se seleccionaron 50 pacientes a quienes se tomo radiografía lateral de cara. Se analizo en detalle las estructuras anatómicas diferenciables en la radiografía, se definieron y localizaron los puntos cefalométricos. Se diseño el análisis sobre las medidas de ángulos y distancias siguiendo el trayecto de la intubación con un total de 41 mediciones. Se diseño y aplico el análisis estadístico conformado por cinco apartados: análisis descriptivo que permite analizar los resultados obtenidos; análisis comparativo en que se contrasta con los trabajos realizados por otros investigadores; matriz de correlación que establece la correlación entre las medidas ampliando la información de estas; análisis factorial que describe y amplia la información que dan las variables; análisis del error. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que las muestra es homogénea, de pacientes clase I con una edad media de 10 años y 6 meses. El análisis estadístico y su interpretación clínica han permitido reducir a 11 el número de variables que valoran de manera integra las estructuras óseas y los tejidos blandos que conforman la vía aérea siguiendo el trayecto de la incubación. Tomando el valor medio y el margen de confianza obtenidos para las variables, se ha construido una plantilla que colocada sobre la radiografía de un paciente, permitirá la valoración de una forma rápida, simple y complet

Diabetes mellitus : proceso asistencial integrado. 2ª ed

Publicado en la página web de la Consejería de Salud: www.juntadeandalucia.es/salud (Consejería de Salud / Profesionales / Nuestro Compromiso por la Calidad / Procesos Asistenciales Integrados). Este proceso reemplaza a la 1ª edición, editada en 2011YesLa Gestión por Procesos Asistenciales Integrados (PAIs) se inició con el I Plan de Calidad y se ha mantenido en el sistema sanitario público andaluz hasta la fecha actual, como parte integrante del III Plan de Calidad del SSPA. A través de esta estrategia se pretende y consigue disminuir la variabilidad en las actuaciones clínicas, se reordenan los flujos de trabajo, se identifican las actuaciones que aportan valor añadido y se facilita la tarea de los profesionales, con el fin último de mejorar la calidad de la asistencia y la satisfacción de los ciudadanos con la atención recibida. Los PAIs se identifican por tanto como herramientas facilitadoras de la práctica clínica y de la continuidad de la atención al paciente. La definición de las actuaciones y los profesionales que intervienen en ellas a través del análisis de la mejor evidencia disponible se complementa en los PAIs actuales con la identificación de aquéllas que no aportan valor, una oportunidad de contribuir desde la práctica clínica diaria a la sostenibilidad de nuestro SSPA. La diabetes, por su elevada prevalencia e impacto sanitario y social, constituye una de las enfermedades crónicas en las que esta estrategia cobra todo su sentido. El análisis de resultados en salud elaborado en el año 2016 como parte de la actualización del Plan Integral de Diabetes ha demostrado una mejoría de los resultados en morbimortalidad en diabetes en nuestra comunidad y consolida esta metodología de trabajo. El PAI Diabetes actualizado que presentamos, además de revisar y renovar las características de calidad del proceso diagnóstico-terapéutico de la persona con diabetes ya incluido en el previo, incorpora además contenidos específicos en la atención a la mujer gestante, la infancia o el paciente hospitalizado y sistematiza la educación terapéutica, como un elemento transversal a lo largo de todo el proceso

Diabetes mellitus : proceso asistencial integrado. 3ª ed

YesLa Gestión por Procesos Asistenciales Integrados (PAIs) se inició con el I Plan de Calidad y se ha mantenido en el sistema sanitario público andaluz hasta la fecha actual, como parte integrante del III Plan de Calidad del SSPA. A través de esta estrategia se pretende y consigue disminuir la variabilidad en las actuaciones clínicas, se reordenan los flujos de trabajo, se identifican las actuaciones que aportan valor añadido y se facilita la tarea de los profesionales, con el fin último de mejorar la calidad de la asistencia y la satisfacción de los ciudadanos con la atención recibida. Los PAIs se identifican por tanto como herramientas facilitadoras de la práctica clínica y de la continuidad de la atención al paciente. El PAI Diabetes actualizado que presentamos, además de revisar y renovar las características de calidad del proceso diagnóstico-terapéutico de la persona con diabetes ya incluido en el previo, incorpora además contenidos específicos en la atención a la mujer gestante, la infancia o el paciente hospitalizado y sistematiza la educación terapéutica, como un elemento transversal a lo largo de todo el proceso

Plan Integral de Diabetes de Andalucía: Evaluación del II Plan Integral de Diabetes de Andalucía. Actualización 2016

Publicado en el Portal de la Consejería de Salud: Consejería de Salud / Profesionales / Planes y Estrategias / Plan Integral de Diabetes de AndalucíaYesEl presente informe incluye una evaluación cuantitativa y cualitativa del II Plan de Diabetes, orientada por primera vez a resultados en salud. Estos resultados se correlacionan con los objetivos instrumentales del plan y con los parámetros de calidad definidos en el proceso, lo que ofrece un mapa muy completo de las fortalezas del trabajo de los profesionales del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalcuía y de los aspectos que hay que seguir trabajando y mejorando. La evaluación de resultados en salud en diabetes, el análisis de percepciones de pacientes y las propuestas de mejora de los profesionales de nuestro sistema sanitario público han constituido la base para la actualización del Plan Integral de Diabetes, cuyos proyectos estratégicos y líneas de acción se desarrollan a lo largo del presente informe y que consolida este tipo de estrategias en problemas de salud de elevado impacto y de alta prevalencia como es el caso de la diabetes

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization