Diversité des Echinodermata le long d'un gradient de contamination métallique: une approche géospatiale -- Ecotoxicologie

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Belgian baseline distribution of invasive alien species of Union concern (Regulation (EU) 1143/2014)

<p><strong>Aims and scope</strong></p> <p>The European Alien Species Information Network team (EASIN, http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) requests the European member states to provide and verify the baseline distribution data of invasive alien species of Union Concern (Tsiamis et al. 2017) as provided by the EASIN mapping system (Katsanevakis et al. 2012). These are species with documented biodiversity impacts sensu the European Union Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of Invasive Alien Species in Europe (IAS Regulation No 1143/2014) (European Union 2014). The purpose of this baseline is to set a representative geographic account of the distribution of these species at (i) country and (ii) 10km² grid level before the entry into force of the Regulation (and the listing of species through implementing regulations). This distribution provides the baseline for subsequent reporting by the member states as required by the IAS Regulation.</p> <p>The dataset provides a shapefile on the baseline distribution of the invasive species of EU concern in Belgium based on an aggregated dataset (<em>ias_belgium_t0_xxxx</em>). Data were compiled from various datasets holding invasive species observations such as data from research institutes and research projects (76%), citizen science observatories (23%) and a range of other sources (1%) such as governmental agencies, water managers, invasive species control companies, angling and hunting organizations etc. Data were normalized using a custom mapping of the original data files to Darwin Core (Wieczorek et al. 2012) where possible. Species names were mapped to the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy (GBIF 2016) using the species API (http://www.gbif.org/developer/species). Appropriate selection of records was performed based on predefined cut-off dates (see data range) and record content validation (see validation procedure). Data were then joined with GRID10k layer Belgium based on GRID10k cellcodes (ETRS_1989_LAEA).</p> <p><strong>File description</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains two types of data:</p> <ol> <li> <p>Shapefiles (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.zip and ias_belgium_t0_2018.zip</em>) providing the presence of the species of EU concern at 10km² (European Terrestrial Reference System projection - 1989 ETRS_1989_LAEA) level. The attributes table field “ACCEPTED” provides coded information on the distribution validation: correct squares (Y) represent data overlapping between the collated baseline data for Belgium and the EASIN maps. Incorrect data (N) can represent records mapped on wrong 10km2 squares, non-validated records or records that fall outside of the date range applied. New squares (New) represent previously unpublished data that were absent from EASIN. The work was supervised and validated by the Belgian national scientific council on invasive alien species, an official consultative structure coordinating scientific input and data aggregation between Belgian regions and institutions with regards to technical implementation of the Regulation No 1143/2014 on invasive alien species.</p> </li> <li> <p>A geojson version of the same shapefiles (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.geojson </em>and <em>ias_belgium_t0_2018.geojson</em>), in WGS84 projection.</p> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Date range</strong></p> <p>The baseline distribution reflects the current status and situation of the IAS of Union concern in Belgium. Historical records were not taken into consideration for the baseline. The choice of cut-off date was based on an analysis of the relative contribution of a year in defining the total distribution of the species at 1km² grid level (calculated as [the sum of unique UTM 1km² grid squares year-1/total number of unique UTM  1km² grid squares for that species]) based on the complete dataset. The dataset comprises observations of Union List invasive species between January 2000 (2000-01-01) and February 2016 (2016-01-31) for the species of the first batch (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.zip</em>) and between January 2000 (2000-01-01) and August 2017 (2017-08-31) for the species of the first update of the Union List (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2018.zip</em>). They include both casual data as well as established populations and also comprise data from eradicated populations during that period.</p> <p><strong>Validation procedure</strong></p> <p>Record validation was performed to exclude dubious records, wrong identifications etc. This was done based on the IdentificationVerificationStatus field (to which validation information from original data were mapped) if available. In general, non-validated data were not considered for ias_belgium_t0_xxxx. Data were validated in the original datasets based on evidence (e.g. pictures), on the observer’s experience, or based on a set of predefined rules (e.g. automated validation based on geographic filtering). Data from research institutes were generally considered validated. A few casual records of EU list species that were clearly planted were discarded manually. When the original dataset did not mention any validation status, records were not considered validated and therefore not taken into account for ias_belgium_t0_xxxx, unless for Chinese mitten crab <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>, ruddy duck <em>Oxyura jamaicensis</em>, raccoon <em>Procyon lotor</em>, Siberian ground squirrel <em>Tamias sibiricus</em>, sacred ibis <em>Threskiornis aethiopicus</em>, and red-eared slider <em>Trachemys spp</em>. For these species, we assumed all records were correct as they originate from dedicated sampling (<em>E. sinensis</em>) within research projects or represent species that are readily recognizable by people in the field. Likewise, for the second batch species, all records of Egyptian goose <em>Alopochen aegyptiaca, </em>Himalayan balsam <em>Impatiens glandulifera</em>, giant hogweed <em>Heracleum mantegazzianum </em>and muskrat <em>Ondatra zibethicus</em> (mostly derived from public eradication services) were considered validated and taken into account.</p> <p>A visual check was performed on the resulting distribution maps by representatives of the national IAS scientific council. Data in the distribution maps provided by EASIN but not present in ias_belgium_t0_xxxx were carefully checked and kept/rejected accordingly.</p> <p><strong>Data providers</strong></p> <p>The providers of the invasive species data for this exercise (individuals and their respective organizations) are listed in the "data providers" section of the dataset metadata. Much of the primary occurrence data that formed the basis for this aggregated dataset will be published as open data on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) within the framework of the <strong>Tracking Invasive Alien Species project (TrIAS, https://osf.io/7dpgr/, 2017-2020)</strong>.</p

Belgian baseline distribution of invasive alien species of Union concern (Regulation (EU) 1143/2014)

<p><strong>Aims and scope</strong></p> <p>The European Alien Species Information Network team (EASIN, http://easin.jrc.ec.europa.eu) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) requested the European member states on 22 June 2016 at the 6th IAS Committee to verify the baseline distribution data (2017) of invasive alien species of Union Concern (37 species) as provided by the EASIN mapping system (Katsanevakis et al. 2012). These are species with documented biodiversity impacts sensu the European Union Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of Invasive Alien Species in Europe (IAS Regulation No 1143/2014) (European Union 2014). The purpose of this baseline was to set a representative geographic account of the current distribution of these species at (i) country and (ii) 10km² grid level and to get feedback from the member states on this. This distribution provides the baseline for subsequent reporting by the member states as required by the IAS Regulation.</p> <p>The dataset provides a shapefile on the baseline distribution of the invasive species of EU concern in Belgium based on an aggregated dataset (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016</em>). Data were compiled from various datasets holding invasive species observations such as data from research institutes and research projects (76%), citizen science observatories (23%) and a range of other sources (1%) such as governmental agencies, water managers, invasive species control companies, angling and hunting organizations etc. Data were normalized using a custom mapping of the original data files to Darwin Core (Wieczorek et al. 2012) where possible. Species names were mapped to the GBIF Backbone Taxonomy (GBIF 2016) using the species API (http://www.gbif.org/developer/species). Appropriate selection of records for <em>ias_belgium_t0_2016</em> was performed based on predefined cut-off dates and record content validation (see further). Data were then joined with GRID10k layer Belgium based on GRID10k cellcodes (ETRS_1989_LAEA).</p> <p><strong>File description</strong></p> <p>The dataset (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.zip</em>) contains two types of data:</p> <ol> <li> <p>A shapefile (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.shp</em>) providing the presence of the species of EU concern at 10km² (European Terrestrial Reference System projection - 1989 ETRS_1989_LAEA) level. The attributes table field “ACCEPTED” provides coded information on the distribution validation: correct squares (Y) represent data overlapping between the collated <em>ias_belgium_t0_2016</em> data and the EASIN maps. Incorrect data (N) can represent records mapped on wrong 10km2 squares or records that fall outside of the date range applied for <em>ias_belgium_t0_2016</em>. New squares (New) represent previously unpublished data that are currently absent from EASIN. The work was supervised and validated by the Belgian national scientific council on invasive alien species, an official consultative structure coordinating scientific input and data aggregation between Belgian regions and institutions with regards to technical implementation of the Regulation No 1143/2014 on invasive alien species.</p> </li> <li> <p>A geojson version of the same shapefile (<em>ias_belgium_t0_2016.geojson</em>), converted to WGS84 projection.</p> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Date range</strong></p> <p>The baseline distribution should reflect the current status and situation of the IAS of Union concern in each member state. No specific time period was set by EASIN, but most frequently, historical records were not taken into consideration for the baseline. For<em> ias_belgium_t0_2016</em> the choice of cut-off date was based on an analysis of the relative contribution of a year in defining the total distribution of the species at 1km² grid level (calculated as [the sum of unique UTM 1km² grid squares year-1/total number of unique UTM  1km² grid squares for that species]) based on the complete dataset.</p> <p>The dataset comprises invasive species observations between January 2000 (2000-01-01) and February 2016 (2016-01-31) and includes both casual data as well as established populations. It also comprises data from eradicated populations in that period.</p> <p><strong>Validation procedure</strong></p> <p>Record validation was performed to exclude dubious records, wrong identifications etc. This was done based on the IdentificationVerificationStatus field (to which validation information from original data were mapped) if available. In general, non-validated data were not considered for ias_belgium_t0_2016. Data were validated in the original datasets based on evidence (e.g. pictures), on the observer’s experience, or based on a set of predefined rules (e.g. automated validation based on geographic filtering). Data from research institutes were generally considered validated. A few casual records of EU list species that were clearly planted were discarded manually. When the original dataset did not mention any validation status, records were not considered validated and therefore not taken into account for ias_belgium_t0_2016, unless for Chinese mitten crab <em>Eriocheir sinensis</em>, ruddy duck <em>Oxyura jamaicensis</em>, raccoon <em>Procyon lotor</em>, Siberian ground squirrel <em>Tamias sibiricus</em>, sacred ibis <em>Threskiornis aethiopicus</em>, and red-eared slider <em>Trachemys scripta</em>. For these species, we assumed all records were correct as they originate from dedicated sampling (<em>E. sinensis</em>) within research projects or represent species that are readily recognizable by people in the field.</p> <p>A visual check was performed on the resulting distribution maps by representatives in the national IAS scientific council. Data in the distribution maps provided by EASIN but not present in ias_belgium_t0_2016 were carefully checked and kept/rejected accordingly.</p> <p><strong>Data providers</strong></p> <p>The providers of the invasive species data for this exercise (individuals and their respective organizations) are listed in the "data providers" section of the dataset metadata. Much of the primary occurrence data that formed the basis for this aggregated dataset will be published as open data on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) within the framework of the Tracking Invasive Alien Species project (TrIAS, https://osf.io/7dpgr/, 2017-2020).</p

Tracking Invasive Alien Species (TrIAS): Building a data-driven framework to inform policy

Imagine a future where dynamically, from year to year, we can track the progression of alien species (AS), identify emerging problem species, assess their current and future risk and timely inform policy in a seamless data-driven workflow. One that is built on open science and open data infrastructures. By using international biodiversity standards and facilities, we would ensure interoperability, repeatability and sustainability. This would make the process adaptable to future requirements in an evolving AS policy landscape both locally and internationally. In recent years, Belgium has developed decision support tools to inform invasive alien species (IAS) policy, including information systems, early warning initiatives and risk assessment protocols. However, the current workflows from biodiversity observations to IAS science and policy are slow, not easily repeatable, and their scope is often taxonomically, spatially and temporally limited. This is mainly caused by the diversity of actors involved and the closed, fragmented nature of the sources of these biodiversity data, which leads to considerable knowledge gaps for IAS research and policy. We will leverage expertise and knowledge from nine former and current BELSPO projects and initiatives: Alien Alert, Invaxen, Diars, INPLANBEL, Alien Impact, Ensis, CORDEX.be, Speedy and the Belgian Biodiversity Platform. The project will be built on two components: 1) The establishment of a data mobilization framework for AS data from diverse data sources and 2) the development of data-driven procedures for risk evaluation based on risk modelling, risk mapping and risk assessment. We will use facilities from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), standards from the Biodiversity Information Standards organization (TDWG) and expertise from Lifewatch to create and facilitate a systematic workflow. Alien species data will be gathered from a large set of regional, national and international initiatives, including citizen science with a wide taxonomic scope from marine, terrestrial and freshwater environments. Observation data will be funnelled in repeatable ways to GBIF. In parallel, a Belgian checklist of AS will be established, benefiting from various taxonomic and project-based checklists foreseen for GBIF publication. The combination of the observation data and the checklist will feed indicators for the identification of emerging species; their level of invasion in Belgium; changes in their invasion status and the identification of areas and species of concern that could be impacted upon by bioinvasions. Data-driven risk evaluation of identified emerging species will be supported by niche and climate modelling and consequent risk mapping using critical climatic variables for the current and projected future climate periods at high resolution. The resulting risk maps will complement risk assessments performed with the recently developed Harmonia+ protocol to assess risks posed by emergent species to biodiversity and human, plant, and animal health. The use of open data will ensure that interested stakeholders in Belgium and abroad can make use of the information we generate. The open science ensures everyone is free to adopt and adapt the workflow for different scenarios and regions. The checklist will be used at national level, but will also serve as the Belgian reference for international databases (IUCN - GRIIS, EASIN) and impact assessments (IPBES, SEBI). The workflow will be showcased through GEO BON, the Invasivesnet network and the COST Actions Alien Challenge and ParrotNet. The observations and outcomes of risk evaluations will be used to provide science-based support for the implementation of IAS policies at the regional, federal and EU levels. The publication of Belgian data and checklists on IAS is particularly timely in light of the currently ongoing EU IAS Regulation and its implementation in Belgium. By proving that automated workflows can provide rapid and repeatable production of information, we will open up this technology for other conservation assessments

Tracking Invasive Alien Species (TrIAS)

Building an open data-driven framework to support policy on invasive specie