Henry Clay the Lawyer

Though he was best known as a politician, Henry Clay (1777-1852) maintained an active legal practice for more than fifty years. He was a leading contributor both to the early development of the U.S. legal system and to the interaction between law and politics in pre-Civil War America. During the years of Clay\u27s practice, modern American law was taking shape, building on the English experience but working out the new rules and precedents that a changing and growing society required. Clay specialized in property law, a natural choice at a time of entangled land claims, ill-defined boundaries, and inadequate state and federal procedures. He argued many precedent-setting cases, some of them before the U.S. Supreme Court. Maurice Baxter contends that Clay\u27s extensive legal work in this area greatly influenced his political stances on various land policy issues. During Clay\u27s lifetime, property law also included questions pertaining to slavery. With Daniel Webster, he handled a very significant constitutional case concerning the interstate slave trade. Baxter provides an overview of the federal and state court systems of Clay\u27s time. After addressing Clay\u27s early legal career, he focuses on Clay\u27s interest in banking issues, land-related economic matters, and the slave trade. The portrait of Clay that emerges from this inquiry shows a skilled lawyer who was deeply involved with the central legal and economic issues of his day. Identifies many significant and interesting questions related to the intersections of law and politics in the career of Henry Clay. —American Historical Review Fills an often neglected niche in Henry Clay’s career. And it tells a great deal about the practice of law in Kentucky and the nation in the pre-Civil War era. —Bowling Green Daily News A worthwhile study of a high-profile lawyer arguing often seminal land, slavery, debt, contract, and banking cases during a period when the young nation’s law, legal profession, and court system were undergoing dramatic changes. —Choice A readable and informative account of Clay’s law practice. —Indiana Magazine of History A useful, short volume that describes Clay’s underappreciated professional life as a lawyer. —Journal of American History Examines the development of a distinguished legal career that had a major impact on the development of modern American jurisprudence. —Journal of Southern History A reminder that however prominent Clay the politician and planter might have been, Clay’s livelihood came not from politics or agriculture but from his legal practice. —Journal of the Early Republic Shows how Clay’s political views were often shaped by the situations he encountered in his role as attorney. —Kentucky Libraries Provides insight into the sometimes-painful development of the American legal system and into a neglected aspect of Henry Clay’s service to his country. —Kentucky Monthly A welcome addition to the history of the development of the legal profession and the rise of law in nineteenth-century America. Henry Clay the Lawyer demonstrates a unique command of American politics and law during a crucially formative period of the nation’s history. We are all in Baxter’s debt for lifting Henry Clay the lawyer from under the bushel of Clay the politician. —Kermit L. Hall Baxter traces the legal training and career of Clay, who was without question one of the most prominent citizens of nineteenth century America. . . . Shows how Henry Clay and other contemporaries literally wrote many of the rules implemented by various American courts. —Law and Politics Book Review Makes new observations on a man who has been studied primarily from the perspective of politics. —McCormick (SC) Messenger By focusing exclusively on Clay’s legal education ,career, practice and reputation as a lawyer, Baxter has highlighted a facet of Henry Clay’s full life; the historical literature richer and more interesting for Baxter’s impressive efforts. —Mississippi Review For the first time, we have an authoritative account of Clay’s long and distinguished career as a lawyer. The volume is full of insights about law and the legal profession and of course about Clay himself. —R. Kent Newmyer Thoughtfully stimulating and provides fresh insight on Clay’s public career. —Register of the Kentucky Historical Society Readers will find many insights into the interplay of law, politics, and economic development in a formative period of American history. —Virginia Magazine of History and Biography A useful little book, demonstrating Clay’s legal prowess, often ignored, and the political and monetary success it brought him. —Virginia Quarterly Reviewhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_law/1007/thumbnail.jp

Henry Clay and the American System

This detailed study of Henry Clay and the American System—a program of vigorous economic nationalism dependent on active government and constitutional aspects of what was perhaps Clay’s greatest contribution to national policy, a contribution that has received surprisingly little study until now. During the first half of the nineteenth century the new United States experienced rapid material growth, transforming a largely agrarian, pre-modern economy into a diversified, industrializing one. As Speaker of the House in the years following the War of 1812, and later as founder of the Whig party, Clay argued strongly for the development of a home market for domestic goods so that Americans would not be dependent on foreign imports. This “American System” was originally little more than a protective tariff on foreign goods, but it soon came to encompass a collection of policies that included a national banking system and distribution of federal funds to improve transportation. Baxter reveals the inner workings of Clay’s program and offers the first careful analysis of its successes and failures. This lively and incisive account will appeal to anyone interested in American history and the processes that shaped modern America Maurice G. Baxter is professor emeritus of history at Indiana University. He is the author of numerous books, including One and Inseparable: Daniel Webster and the Union. A fine study by a first-rate historian, well-written, thoughtful, and interesting throughout. -- Journal of the Early Republic A long-needed addition to the literature on Jacksonian Era politics. -- Southern Historian Clearly written and deals with an important topic that has surprisingly escaped book-length treatment until now. -- American Historical Review Now we have a thoroughly researched, carefully crafted study of Clay\u27s major contribution to national policy. Maurice G. Baxter, professor emeritus at Indiana University, has written a comprehensive study of Clay\u27s system, \u27a biographical perspective upon economic history.\u27 -- Journal of American History It is refreshing to read a history that grounds Jacksonian debate over political economy in realities and prospects as Clay and his contemporaries understood them. -- Journal of Southern History Here is a book that has long been needed for the antebellum period of American history: an excellent, detailed and sharply focused study of Henry Clay\u27s American System. Dr. Baxter provides us with a balanced, objective and highly readable account of one of the most interesting, important and controversial subjects of the early nineteenth century. -- Robert V. Remini, author of Henry Clay: Statesman for the Unionhttps://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_political_history/1003/thumbnail.jp

1919: Abilene Christian College Bible Lectures - Full Text

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Multiplex PCR and Next Generation Sequencing for the Non-Invasive Detection of Bladder Cancer

Highly sensitive and specific urine-based tests to detect either primary or recurrent bladder cancer have proved elusive to date. Our ever increasing knowledge of the genomic aberrations in bladder cancer should enable the development of such tests based on urinary DNA

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

Impact of infection on proteome-wide glycosylation revealed by distinct signatures for bacterial and viral pathogens

Mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis have predominantly been studied based on differential gene or protein expression. Less is known about posttranslational modifications, which are essential for protein functional diversity. We applied an innovative glycoproteomics method to study the systemic proteome-wide glycosylation in response to infection. The protein site-specific glycosylation was characterized in plasma derived from well-defined controls and patients. We found 3862 unique features, of which we identified 463 distinct intact glycopeptides, that could be mapped to more than 30 different proteins. Statistical analyses were used to derive a glycopeptide signature that enabled significant differentiation between patients with a bacterial or viral infection. Furthermore, supported by a machine learning algorithm, we demonstrated the ability to identify the causative pathogens based on the distinctive host blood plasma glycopeptide signatures. These results illustrate that glycoproteomics holds enormous potential as an innovative approach to improve the interpretation of relevant biological changes in response to infection

850 nm Upconversion Lasing in Er+3\mathsf{Er^{+3}} Doped Z.B.L.A. Fibers

Upconversion lasing at 850 nm is studied in Er$^{+3}$ doped Z.B.L.A. fibers. Modelling of excited state absorption and upconversion emission from basic principles allows determining the laser oscillation condition in the fiber. Values of excited state absorption cross-sections are deduced from laser oscillation and spontaneous emission data and discussed