Structural-Semantic Features and Pragmalinguistic Potential of Teasing Rhymes in German Junior Schoolchild’s Discourse

The paper deals with several types of teasing rhyme structure: two-component rhymed utterances that consist of a person nomination and a rhyming element, rhymed utterances with an attributively modifying word combination; teasing rhymes as a complex structure texts. It is pointed out that the rhymed component is based on assessment of personality or a person's name, teasing rhymes may be based on pejorative names that are regularly directed to an addressee. They are specified with humor tone and play on words; they are used with the aim to ridicule names, appearance, traits of character or behavior of a child. The teasing rhyme as a unit of functional pragmalinguistics is viewed as a vocative that helps in self-presentation in the German junior schoolchild's discourse. The authors state that the choice of a certain type of the teasing rhyme depends on a number of circumstances: communicative situation, relationship between speakers, and communicative purpose of speech. The analysis of teasing rhyme demonstrated some regulations: while choosing semantic fillers a child might address to the following communicative tactics in accessing the communicative strategy of self-presentation: the tactics that demonstrates self-belonging to a group or the tactics of the addressee humiliation. The results of research enable to conclude that teasing rhymes reflect interpersonal relations of junior schoolchildren at school and in the family, they may be viewed as verbal means that set social norms of life for children

Speech Behaviour of Original and Translated Texts’ Authors: Pragmalinguistic Aspect

The authors describe speech behavior of poet Heinrich Heine and that of the author of his poetic texts' translations. The pragmalinguistic analysis of the author's speech behavior in the poem Loreley and its Russian-speaking and English-speaking translators was carried out in accordance with the implicit speech strategy "Participation / non-participation of communicants in a speech event", which is implemented in personal, social and subject aspects. The analysis shows that the speech behavior of addressers differs depending on their belonging to a particular linguaculture: the speech behavior of the German-speaking poet and the English-speaking translator as representatives of the Western mentality is similar, while it differs from the speech behavior of the Russian-speaking translators who have another type of mentality. The pragmalinguistic analysis of the author's speech behavior in the poem Ein Fichtenbaum ('Pine') and its Russian-speaking translators was also carried out in accordance with the implicit speech strategy "The formation of a recipient's attitude to the speech event by means of evaluation". This stage of analysis reveals that the differences in the aspects of this strategy as compared to the original text testify to the translators of the poem Ein Fichtenbaum having certain personal qualities. These qualities are differently actualized in the aspect of forming positive, neutral or negative attitude to a speech event. The presented comparison however does not make it possible to draw conclusions about the translators' belonging to different linguistic cultural groups, since all the translators of this poem are Russian-speaking

Unusual Antonymy: Inter-Part-Of-Speech Interaction in English Fictional Discourse

The article focuses on the phenomenon of inter-part-of-speech antonymy and types of inter-part-of-speech antonymic oppositions typical of the English language and represented in authentic sources, in particular, fiction books of English-speaking writers. The paper analyzes cognitive foundation and linguistic sources of the oppositions in question, describes their range within each part of speech as well as contextual means of intensifying the oppositional contrast. The authors argue that the traditional point of view, according to which only words belonging to one and the same part of speech can form antonymic oppositions, is insufficient and claims that inter-part-of-speech antonymy has a semantical and grammatical nature as it is based on the ability of the language to give different categorial form to the same fragments of reality. The results of the research show that practically all works of fiction include inter-part-of-speech antonymic oppositions, which thus can be treated as a regular language phenomenon. The paper contributes to the theory of parts of speech, giving additional information about their interaction and its cognitive basis. It also enriches the theory of antonymy, proposing a wide approach to antonymic oppositions

Modeling the dynamics of speech behavior in the pragmatics of the language

The research is devoted to the study of the author's behavior in the texts of personal correspondence. The research is based on the material of letters of writers of the early twentieth century. The subject of the study was a corpus of texts by six writers. Collectively, the study of (linguistic-rhetorical) works. The analysis was carried out from the position of studying the author's strategy of influencing the reader in order to study the formation of a certain attitude. The use of pragmalinguistic methods of studying the speaker's speech portrait in the context of diachronic personality development allows us to identify personal speech preferences that characterize the speaker and determine the dynamics of his personality development based on his speech preferences. The conducted experiments show the possibility of speech diagnostics of the speaker's personality and reconstruct his speech portrait based on the materials of the monuments of writing

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Ruddlesden–Popper-Type La2_{2}NiO3_{3}F2_{2} within Fluoride-Ion Batteries

Within this article, it is shown that an electrochemical defluorination and additional fluorination of Ruddlesden–Popper-type La$_2$NiO$_3$F$_2$ is possible within all-solid-state fluoride-ion batteries. Structural changes within the reduced and oxidized phases have been examined by X-ray diffraction studies at different states of charging and discharging. The synthesis of the oxidized phase La$_2$NiO$_3$F$_{2+x}$ proved to be successful by structural analysis using both X-ray powder diffraction and automated electron diffraction tomography techniques. The structural reversibility on re-fluorinating and re-defluorinating is also demonstrated. Moreover, the influence of different sequences of consecutive reduction and oxidation steps on the formed phases has been investigated. The observed structural changes have been compared to changes in phases obtained via other topochemical modification approaches such as hydride-based reduction and oxidative fluorination using F$_2$ gas, highlighting the potential of such electrochemical reactions as alternative synthesis routes. Furthermore, the electrochemical routes represent safe and controllable synthesis approaches for novel phases, which cannot be synthesized via other topochemical methods. Additionally, side reactions, occurring alongside the desired electrochemical reactions, have been addressed and the cycling performance has been studied

Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production

This paper is devoted to the production of second generation biodiesel via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acids. Pd/C catalysts with different metal loading were used. The palladium catalysts were characterized using low-temperature nitrogen physisorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was revealed that the most active and selective catalyst was 1%-Pd/C which allowed reaching up 97.5% of selectivity (regarding to n-heptadecane) at 100% conversion of substrate. Moreover, the chosen catalyst is more preferable according to lower metal content that leads the decrease of the process cost. The analysis of the catalysts showed that 1%-Pd/C had the highest specific surface area compared with 5%-Pd/C. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reservedReceived: 31st July 2015; Revised: 9th December 2015; Accepted: 30th December 2015How to Cite: Stepacheva, A.A., Sapunov, V.N., Sulman, E.M., Nikoshvili, L.Z., Sulman, M.G., Sidorov, A.I., Demidenko, G.N., Matveeva, V.G. (2016). Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fatty Acids for Biodiesel Production. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (2): 125-132 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.538.125-132)Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.538.125-132Article Metrics: (click on the button below to see citations in Scopus)

The effects of prolonged oral administration of gold nanoparticles on the morphology of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs

Currently, the usage of gold nanoparticles as photosensitizers and immunomodulators for plasmonic photothermal therapy has attracted a great attention of researches and end-users. In our work, the influence of prolonged peroral administration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with different sizes on the morphological changes of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs was investigated. The 24 white outbred male rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into groups and administered orally for 30 days the suspension of gold nanospheres with diameters of 2, 15 and 50 nm at a dosage of 190 μg/kg of animal body weight. To prevent GNPs aggregation in a tissue and enhance biocompatibility, they were functionalized with thiolated polyethylene glycol. The withdrawal of the animals from the experiment and sampling of spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow tissues for morphological study were performed a day after the last administration. In the spleen the boundary between the red and white pulp was not clearly differ in all experimental groups, lymphoid follicles were significantly increased in size, containing bright germinative centers represented by large blast cells. The stimulation of lymphocyte and myelocytic series of hematopoiesis was recorded at morphological study of the bone marrow. The number of immunoblasts and large lymphocytes was increased in all structural zones of lymph nodes. The more pronounced changes were found in the group with administration of 15 nm nanoparticles. Thus, the morphological changes of cellular components of hematopoietic organs have size-dependent character and indicate the activation of the migration, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells after prolonged oral administration of GNPs