Построение некоторых функций функций в гиперкомплексной числовой системе 4-го порядка

Рассмотрены вопросы построения таких обратных функций как логарифм, гиперболические и тригонометрические арксинус и арккосинус. Приведены примеры построения обратных функций для гиперкомплексной числовой системы 4-го порядка.Розглянуто питання побудови таких обернених функцій як логарифм, тригонометричні та гіперболічні арксинус і арккосинус. Наведено приклади побудови обернених функцій для гіперкомплексної системи 4-го порядку.Questions of construction of such inverse functions as the logarithm, hyperbolic and trigonometrical arc sine and arc cosine are considered. Examples of construction of inverse functions for the 4th order hypercomplex numerical system are given

The impact of clomazone formulation on test plants growth

Badania dotyczące fitotoksyczności chlomazonu w postaci dwóch formulacji: herbicydu Command 480 EC i chlomazonu immobilizowanego w alginianowych kapsułkach w stosunku do roślin rzepaku przeprowadzono w kontrolowanych warunkach. Stwierdzono, że rośliny rzepaku, odmiany Bellevue, wykazują większą tolerancję w stosunku do chlomazonu immobilizowanego w hydrożelowej matrycy alginianowej niż do standardowej formy użytkowej tego herbicydu. Chlomazon w formie herbicydu Command 480 EC istotnie zmniejszył zawartość chlorofilu a, b, a+b oraz całkowitą zawartość karotenoidów. Zaobserwowano również istotnie ujemny wpływ chlomazonu, w formie środka Command 480 EC, na efektywność aparatu fotosyntetycznego rzepaku.The impact of two formulations of clomazone (herbicide Command 480 EC and alginate capsules) on the growth and development of winter rape cv. Bellevue in controlled conditions was studied. It was found that winter rape was more tolerant to clomazone immobilised in alginate matrix than to clomazone in standard formulation EC. Clomazone in EC formulation significantly reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b and a + b and the total content of carotenoids. A highly negative impact of clomazone in the form of herbicide Command 480 EC on the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus of tasted plants was observed

The concept of CSR in accounting theory and practice in Poland: an empirical study

Purpose. Right now, the issue of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) lies within the scope of interest of various fields of social science and practice, including the science and practice of accounting. Numerous research works stress how accounting, particularly in terms of corporate reporting, is closely connected to the concept of CSR. The number of studies concerning especially CSR reporting has increased in recent years all over the world, but in Poland CSR reporting is a new field not yet covered by many current research papers. The main purpose of this work is to present the concept of CSR in the theory and practice of accounting. Design/methodology/approach. The research paper comprises a literature review and a content analysis. The literature review was conducted in the first part of the work, which was devoted to the presentation of the idea of corporate social responsibility in the context of accounting and corporate reporting, and also in the second part, which contains an overview of the most well-known and comprehensive global standards related to CSR reporting. The content analysis was used in the final part of the work to examine the disclosures of CSR in annual reports and separate reports (Management commentary, communications) on a population of Polish stock exchange companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) Main Market as of 31 October 2013, which are also listed in the WIG-Poland index and the RESPECT Index –the first Polish, and one of the few European indexes of socially responsible companies. Findings. It has been determined that among Polish public companies listed on the WSE, which are also listed in the WIG-Poland index, only 6% operate in a socially responsible manner according to the RESPECT criteria, and less than 4.6% of all companies listed in the WIG-Poland and 70% of RESPECT index companies prepare separate CSR reports. Out of all the companies that prepare separate CSR reports, 93% prepare ESG reports (Environment, Social, Governance), but to a different scope. Out of all the companies preparing separate CSR reports, 70% followed the GRI Guidelines. The percentage share of companies whose CSR reports were verified by an independent external auditor is not very high –18%. Among the companies that prepared separate CSR reports and are listed in the RESPECT Index, only one prepared an integrated annual report for the year 2012. Research limitations/implications. The authors are aware of the limited subjective scope which might lead to some restrictions when extrapolating the results onto all the companies operating in Poland. Moreover, it cannot be excluded that companies not listed on the WSE also prepare CSR reports. This is why any attempt to apply the conclusions from this study to the general population may lead to erroneous results

The Two-Phase Conical Swirl Atomizers: Spray Characteristics

This paper presents the results of experimental studies on two-phase conical swirl atomizers. The impact of various atomizer geometries and different operational parameters of the atomization process on the spray characteristics was investigated. The influence of the mixing chamber height HS to diameter DS ratio and the volumetric flow rates of liquid and gas on the discharge coefficient values, spray angle, droplet size expressed by Sauter mean diameter D32, volumetric and radial distributions of droplet diameters in the spray stream were determined. The analysis of results showed that the discharge coefficient values depend on the Reynolds number for liquid and gas and the atomizer geometry. The spray angle increases as the flow rate of liquid and gas increases depending on the applied atomizer construction. The Sauter mean diameter value is correlated with the geometric dimensions of the atomizer swirl chamber. The rapid increase in D32 occurs after exceeding the value HS/DS ≈ 3. The Sauter mean diameter also depends on the operating parameters. A central area of stream is filled with smaller sized droplets as the gas flow rate increases

Real-time non-invasive transdermal monitoring of photosensitizer level in vivo for pharmacokinetic studies and optimization of photodynamic therapy protocol

Efficient application of any therapeutic agent requires the knowledge of the time evolution of drug concentration in tissues. Usually, the collection of such pharmacokinetic data relies on sequential invasive measurements and sacrifice of many animals. Our aim was to establish a non-invasive analytical assay that would allow for determination of the levels of fluorescent (pro)drugs in the tissues. We have applied a portable fiber optics-based spectrophotometric setup to determine pharmacokinetic profiles of two water-soluble chlorophyll derivatives via transdermal emission measurements in vivo, in a model system consisting of DBA/2 mice bearing subcutaneous Cloudman S91 melanoma tumor. Based on their emission spectra, recorded transdermally in real-time, the in vivo peak levels and retention times of intraperitoneally and intravenously administered photosensitizers were estimated. These data served then to optimize the photodynamic therapy protocol. The effects of the treatment show a strong correlation between the efficacy of the therapy and the pharmacokinetic profiles, confirming the validity of the method. This approach has several important advantages, including (i) a maximization of therapeutic effects by indicating the optimal timing for irradiation; (ii) a non-invasive determination of the photosensitizer level in the tumor to predict the therapy outcome; (iii) an estimation of the safety dark period to minimize the side effects related to phototoxicity; (iv) a possibility of performing a whole series of non-invasive pharmacokinetic experiments in the same organism; and (v) a significant cut in the costs of pharmacokinetic studies. The measurements on human tissue indicate that this non-invasive method can be also applied in humans

Effect of Humic Acids on Soybean Seedling Growth under Polyethylene-Glycol-6000-Induced Drought Stress

Humic substances (HS) are the most important natural biostimulant of plants. However, the relationship between their structure and biological activity in plants is still not well recognized. The objective of this paper was to assess the influence of molecular fractions of humic acids (HA) (HA 30 kDa) on reducing negative effects of drought stress in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings of Progres and Nawiko cultivars. Drought stress was induced in laboratory conditions by the addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) to make a water potential of −0.5 MPa. HA were extracted according to the International Humic Substances Society procedure, and then were separated into two molecular fractions by membrane filtration. The following physiological and biometric parameters were determined: chlorophyll content, photosynthesis activity, electrical conductivity, fresh and dry mass of overground and roots, and plant length. The enzyme activity and ion contents were also measured. Differences in response to drought stress with the addition of HA 30 kDa or not to the Hoagland’s solution were observed among studied cultivars. Drought stress caused a decrease in the most physiological parameters and increase in peroxidase activity in the case of both studied cultivars. However, the results of biometric measurements showed that the Progres cultivar appears to have better tolerance to drought stress. The significant influence of water deficit on most macroelement content in dry matter leaves of both studied cultivars was not observed, while its effect on microelement uptake by soybean plants was concluded. In the case of the Progres cultivar, the results showed a significant decrease in microelement content in the dry matter of leaves, whereas in the leaves of Nawiko cultivar there was a significant increase. The influence of HA > 30 kDa and HA 30 kDa fraction better up-regulated the antioxidant defense system. Unfortunately, no effect of either HA fraction on the macro- and micronutrients uptake system of both studied cultivars was observed

Effect of Humic Acids on Soybean Seedling Growth under Polyethylene-Glycol-6000-Induced Drought Stress

Humic substances (HS) are the most important natural biostimulant of plants. However, the relationship between their structure and biological activity in plants is still not well recognized. The objective of this paper was to assess the influence of molecular fractions of humic acids (HA) (HA < 30 kDa and HA > 30 kDa) on reducing negative effects of drought stress in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings of Progres and Nawiko cultivars. Drought stress was induced in laboratory conditions by the addition of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) to make a water potential of −0.5 MPa. HA were extracted according to the International Humic Substances Society procedure, and then were separated into two molecular fractions by membrane filtration. The following physiological and biometric parameters were determined: chlorophyll content, photosynthesis activity, electrical conductivity, fresh and dry mass of overground and roots, and plant length. The enzyme activity and ion contents were also measured. Differences in response to drought stress with the addition of HA < 30 kDa and HA > 30 kDa or not to the Hoagland’s solution were observed among studied cultivars. Drought stress caused a decrease in the most physiological parameters and increase in peroxidase activity in the case of both studied cultivars. However, the results of biometric measurements showed that the Progres cultivar appears to have better tolerance to drought stress. The significant influence of water deficit on most macroelement content in dry matter leaves of both studied cultivars was not observed, while its effect on microelement uptake by soybean plants was concluded. In the case of the Progres cultivar, the results showed a significant decrease in microelement content in the dry matter of leaves, whereas in the leaves of Nawiko cultivar there was a significant increase. The influence of HA > 30 kDa and HA < 30 KDa fractions on physiological features of both studied cultivars was varied. HA > 30 kDa fraction better up-regulated the antioxidant defense system. Unfortunately, no effect of either HA fraction on the macro- and micronutrients uptake system of both studied cultivars was observed

Consumer Risk Assessment Associated with Intake of Pesticide Residues in Food of Plant Origin from the Retail Market in Poland

<div><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>The aim of this study was to characterize short- and long-term risk for consumers associated with dietary intake of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and other foodstuffs available on the Polish market based on 2010–2013 official surveillance results. Among 779 samples collected from 2010 to 2013 no pesticide residue was found in 39.7% samples while 58.5% contained residues at or below the EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). Non-compliances (residues above the respective MRLs) were found in 14 samples (1.8%). Most of the estimated daily intakes were well below 1% of respective acceptable daily intake (ADI) values. The highest intake for children and adults was about 7% and 1.5% of ADI, respectively. For non-compliant results acute risk was characterized. Predicted short-term intakes for children and adults ranged from 0.7% to 425%, and from 0.2% to 100% of respective acute reference dose, respectively. Results of chronic risk characterization show that consumers in Poland are adequately protected; however, incidental cases where residue levels may potentially pose a threat to consumers’ health due to acute exposure cannot be excluded.</p></div