Distribution, Abundance and Size Structure of Arrow Squid (Nototodarus sp.) off New Zealand

Two species of arrow squid (Nototodarus sp.) were sampled with bottom trawl during nine research surveys along the north and east coast of South Island, New Zealand, from January 1982 to March 1983. There was minimal overlap between the two species. Species 1 was associated with subtropical water along the north coast (Tasman Bay) of South Island and Species 2 with the Subtropical Convergence Zone and subantarctic water along the east coast. Catches of Species 2 varied markedly with geographic location, depth (from 50 to 500 m) and sampling period, but were consistently lowest in January of both years. Differences in the size composition of Species 2 with depth were associated with differences in the relative abundance of juveniles. Juveniles of Species 2 were most abundant at 50 and 100 m and were rare or absent at 30 and 500 m. Size distributions of males and females of both species were generally similar for each depth and sampling period. Modal sizes (dorsal mantle length) of Species 1 indicated growth rates of 3.0-4.5 cm per month for three cohorts which were separated by about 6 months. Spawning of Species 1 probably occurs around November and April of each year, and maximal size (about 40 cm) is attained in about 1 year. Size distributions of Species 2, were polymodal and did not give clear indications of growth or spawning period. This may be due to a mixture of several subpopulations of Species 2 along the east coast of South Island, differing in age structure, spawning period and growth rate

Is it adaptive to disengage from demands of social change? Adjustment to developmental barriers in opportunity-deprived regions

This paper investigates how individuals deal with demands of social and economic change in the domains of work and family when opportunities for their mastery are unfavorable. Theoretical considerations and empirical research suggest that with unattainable goals and unmanageable demands motivational disengagement and self-protective cognitions bring about superior outcomes than continued goal striving. Building on research on developmental deadlines, this paper introduces the concept of developmental barriers to address socioeconomic conditions of severely constrained opportunities in certain geographical regions. Mixed-effects methods were used to model cross-level interactions between individual-level compensatory secondary control and regional-level opportunity structures in terms of social indicators for the economic prosperity and family friendliness. Results showed that disengagement was positively associated with general life satisfaction in regions that were economically devastated and has less than average services for families. In regions that were economically well off and family-friendly, the association was negative. Similar results were found for self-protection concerning domain-specific satisfaction with life. These findings suggest that compensatory secondary control can be an adaptive way of mastering a demand when primary control is not possible

Temporal allocation of foraging effort in female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus)

Across an individual\u27s life, foraging decisions will be affected by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic drivers that act at differing timescales. This study aimed to assess how female Australian fur seals allocated foraging effort and the behavioural changes used to achieve this at three temporal scales: within a day, across a foraging trip and across the final six months of the lactation period. Foraging effort peaked during daylight hours (57% of time diving) with lulls in activity just prior to and after daylight. Dive duration reduced across the day (196 s to 168 s) but this was compensated for by an increase in the vertical travel rate (1500–1600 m•h−1) and a reduction in postdive duration (111–90 s). This suggests physiological constraints (digestive costs) or prey availability may be limiting mean dive durations as a day progresses. During short trips (<2.9 d), effort remained steady at 55% of time diving, whereas, on long trips (>2.9 d) effort increased up to 2–3 d and then decreased. Dive duration decreased at the same rate in short and long trips, respectively, before stabilising (long trips) between 4–5 d. Suggesting that the same processes (digestive costs or prey availability) working at the daily scale may also be present across a trip. Across the lactation period, foraging effort, dive duration and vertical travel rate increased until August, before beginning to decrease. This suggests that as the nutritional demands of the suckling pup and developing foetus increase, female effort increases to accommodate this, providing insight into the potential constraints of maternal investment in this specie

The People's Republic of China and Global Imbalances from a View of Sectorial Reforms

This paper examines the impact of sectorial reforms on current account imbalances, with a special focus on the People's Republic of China (PRC). In particular, we investigate to what extent reforms pertaining to the financial sector, social protection, and healthcare may contribute to a rebalancing of the PRC's persistent current account imbalances. Our forecasting results suggest that reforming the financial sector would be a significant contributor to the country's rebalancing with an effect much larger than that of capital account liberalization. Strengthened provisions of social protection and publicly-funded healthcare are also found to contribute to a rebalancing of the PRC economy

Arrow squids of the genjis Nototodarus in New Zealand waters: systematics, biology, and fisheries

Two species of arrow squid, Nototodarus (Oegopsida: Ommastrephidae), are caught in New Zealand waters. The close similarity in most morphometric characters has lead to confusion over the status of the two species. They are distinguished by the number of pairs of suckers on the first right arm; adult males are distinguished by the number of proximal tubercles and the morphology of the distal part of the hectocotylised arm; fresh or frozen specimens can be identified by gel elec‐trophoresis of the enzyme glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase. Nototodarus sloanii is found in southern waters and N. gouldi in more northerly waters around New Zealand as well as southern waters of Australia. Differences between the two species are described and notes presented on their biology, abundance, and exploitation

Assessing the utility of two-and three-dimensional behavioural metrics in habitat usage models

For deep-diving, wide-ranging marine predators, foraging behaviour is often inferred from movement data. Various metrics are used to do this, and recently, metrics have been developed that consider both horizontal movement and vertical dive behaviour to better describe the use of the 3-dimensional environment these animals inhabit. However, the efficacy of these different metrics in predicting behavioural state is poorly understood. We used first passage time (2-dimensional) and first bottom time (3-dimensional) analyses on tracks derived from satelliterelayed data loggers to quantify and determine seal behavioural state while foraging at sea. Movement and dive data were collected from 38 southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina from Macquarie and Campbell Islands (in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean). Using a suite of environmental variables, linear mixed-effect models were derived for the 2 broad habitats visited by the seals: shelf and open ocean. The best-fitting models for each foraging metric in each habitat were then compared using a cross validation analysis to identify which foraging metric produced the best predictions of habitat use. In shelf habitats, the 3-dimensional foraging metric provided better predictions than the 2-dimensional metric, while the 2-dimensional foraging metric resulted in the best predictive capacity in the open ocean habitats. These findings highlight the importance of considering the appropriate foraging metrics when modelling foraging behaviour.12 page(s

Background Characteristics and Responses to Treatment of Two Types of Institutionalized Delinquent Boys

Two types of institutionalized delinquent boys were identified in a sample of 306 for the purpose of investigating differences in the etiology of their antisocial behavior and in their responses to a group-centered treatment program. The “Buoyant” and “Beset” types, defined by their levels of anxiety and depression, are compared conceptually to types identified in other classification schemes. Two-thirds of the sample showed sufficiently stable anxiety and depression over time to warrant classification. The importance of considering stability in defining the types is underscored by comparisons of the stable with unstable boys. Comparison of the Buoyant and Beset types revealed significant differences in life experiences and style of delinquent behavior prior to their institutionalization, in their behavior and attitudes during incarceration, and in the components of the treatment that affected their behavior and attitudes. The findings are discussed in terms of the validity of the proposed typology, their implications for etiological theory, and the guidance they may provide for differential treatment.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66684/2/10.1177_0093854889016001002.pd