Quantifying Energy Conversion in Higher Order Phase Space Density Moments in Plasmas

Weakly collisional and collisionless plasmas are typically far from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), and understanding energy conversion in such systems is a forefront research problem. The standard approach is to investigate changes in internal (thermal) energy and density, but this omits energy conversion that changes any higher order moments of the phase space density. In this study, we calculate from first principles the energy conversion associated with all higher moments of the phase space density for systems not in LTE. Particle-in-cell simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection reveal that energy conversion associated with higher order moments can be locally significant. The results may be useful in numerous plasma settings, such as reconnection, turbulence, shocks, and wave-particle interactions in heliospheric, planetary, and astrophysical plasmas.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, includes both main paper and supplementary materia

Higher-order nonequilibrium term: Effective power density quantifying evolution towards or away from local thermodynamic equilibrium

A common approach to assess the nature of energy conversion in a classical fluid or plasma is to compare power densities of the various possible energy conversion mechanisms. A forefront research area is quantifying energy conversion for systems that are not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), as is common in a number of fluid and plasma systems. Here, we introduce the ``higher-order non-equilibrium term'' (HORNET) effective power density that quantifies the rate of change of departure of a phase space density from LTE. It has dimensions of power density, which allows for quantitative comparisons with standard power densities. We employ particle-in-cell simulations to calculate HORNET during two processes, namely magnetic reconnection and decaying kinetic turbulence in collisionless magnetized plasmas, that inherently produce non-LTE effects. We investigate the spatial variation of HORNET and the time evolution of its spatial average. By comparing HORNET with power densities describing changes to the internal energy (pressure dilatation, $\rm{Pi-D}$, and divergence of the vector heat flux density), we find that HORNET can be a significant fraction of these other measures (8\% and 35\% for electrons and ions, respectively, for reconnection; up to 67\% for both electrons and ions for turbulence), meaning evolution of the system towards or away from LTE can be dynamically important. Applications to numerous plasma phenomena are discussed.Comment: 19 pages (including references), 7 figure

Electron inflow velocities and reconnection rates at earth's magnetopause and magnetosheath

Electron inflow and outflow velocities during magnetic reconnection at and near the dayside magnetopause are measured using satellites from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. A case study is examined in detail, and three other events with similar behavior are shown, with one of them being a recently published electron-only reconnection event in the magnetosheath. The measured inflow speeds of 200–400 km/s imply dimensionless reconnection rates of 0.05–0.25 when normalized to the relevant electron Alfvén speed, which are within the range of expectations. The outflow speeds are about 1.5–3 times the inflow speeds, which is consistent with theoretical predictions of the aspect ratio of the inner electron diffusion region. A reconnection rate of 0.04 ± 25% was obtained for the case study event using the reconnection electric field as compared to the 0.12 ± 20% rate determined from the inflow velocity.publishedVersio

Seven Sisters: a mission to study fundamental plasma physical processes in the solar wind and a pathfinder to advance space weather prediction

This paper summarizes the Seven Sisters solar wind mission concept and the outstanding science questions motivating the mission science objectives. The Seven Sisters mission includes seven individual spacecraft designed to uncover fundamental physical processes in the solar wind and provides up to ≈ 2 days of advanced space weather warnings for 550 Earth days during the mission. The mission will collect critical measurements of the thermal and suprathermal plasma and magnetic fields, utilizing, for the first time, Venus–Sun Lagrange points. The multi-spacecraft configuration makes it possible to distinguish between spatial and temporal changes, define gradients, and quantify cross-scale transport in solar wind structures. Seven Sisters will determine the 3-D structure of the solar wind and its transient phenomena and their evolution in the inner heliosphere. Data from the Seven Sisters mission will allow the identification of physical processes and the quantification of the relative contribution of different mechanisms responsible for suprathermal particle energization in the solar wind

Code and Data for 'Generalized Time-Series Analysis for In-Situ Spacecraft Observations: Anomaly Detection and Data Prioritization using Principal Components Analysis and Unsupervised Clustering'

This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration HERMES mission and grants 80NSSC21M0190, 80NSSC23K1295. Additional support was provided by the Center for HelioAnalytics, funded through the NASA ISFM program. The computing resources utilized in the generation of the accompanying manuscript's figures and analysis were in part provided by HelioCloud, a service managed by NASA's Heliophysics Digital Resource Library.https://essopenarchive.org/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.171415894.4838528

Electromagnetic waves and electron phase-space hole like signatures detected by MMS during a substorm

International audienceIn August 2016, the MMS constellation was in the magnetotail with an orbit apogee of 12 Earth radii and an average inter-satellite distance of 60 km (i.e. between electron and ion scales). On August 10, 2016 although MMS was located quite far from the magnetic equator, it detected multiple dipolarization signatures associated with substorm events. In this study, we focus on the wave activity detected during one of the dipolarization event and in particular we analyze in details the electromagnetic electron phase-space hole like signatures observed by three of the four MMS spacecraft. Such signatures have been already detected by one of the THEMIS probes under similar magnetospheric conditions. However, the MMS tetrahedral configuration with its small inter-satellite separation allows us to better analyze the characteristics of these structures such as their velocity, their direction of propagation, their internal structure and/or their time evolution. The consistency of these observations with existing models will be discussed

A New Method of 3-D Magnetic Field Reconstruction

A method is described to model the magnetic field in the vicinity of three-dimensional constellations of satellites (at least four) using field and plasma current measurements. This quadratic model matches the measured values of the magnetic field and its curl (current) at each spacecraft, with ∇ • B zero everywhere, and thus extends the linear curlometer method to second order. Near the spacecraft, it predicts the topology of magnetic structures, such as reconnecting regions or flux ropes, and allows a tracking of the motion of these structures relative to the spacecraft constellation. Comparisons to particle-in-cell simulations estimate the model accuracy. Reconstruction of two electron diffusion regions definitively confirms the expected field line structure. The model can be applied to other small-scale phenomena (e.g., bow shocks) and can also be modified to reconstruct the electric field, allowing tracing of particle trajectories

Low-frequency Waves Due to Newborn Interstellar Pickup Ions Observed from 43 to 47 au by the Voyager 1 Spacecraft

Interstellar neutral atoms enter the heliosphere at a relatively slow speed corresponding to the motion of the Sun through the local interstellar medium, which is approximately 25 km s ^−1 . Neutral hydrogen atoms enter from the approximate location of the Voyager spacecraft and are eventually ionized primarily by collision with thermal solar wind ions. An earlier analysis by Hollick et al. examined low-frequency magnetic waves observed by the Voyager spacecraft from launch through 1990 that are thought to arise from the scattering of newborn interstellar pickup H ^+ and He ^+ . We report an analysis of Voyager 1 observations in 1991, which is the last year of high-resolution magnetic field data that are publicly available, and find 70 examples of low-frequency waves with the characteristics that suggest excitation by pickup H ^+ and 10 examples of waves consistent with excitation by pickup He ^+ . We find a particularly dense cluster of observations at the tail end of what is thought to be a Merged Interaction Region (MIR) that was previously studied by Burlaga & Ness using Voyager 2 observations. This is not unexpected if the MIR is followed by a large rarefaction region, as they tend to be regions of reduced turbulence levels that permit the growth of the waves over the long time periods that are generally required of this instability

Whistler waves at the Earth bow shock

International audienceThe Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft, with their state-of-the-art plasma and field instruments onboard, allow us to investigate electromagnetic waves at the bow shock and their association with small-scale disturbances in the shocked plasmas. Understanding these waves could improve our knowledge on the heating of electrons and ions across the shock ramp and the energy dissipation of supercritical shocks. We have found broad-band and narrow band waves across the shock ramp and slightly downstream. The broad-band waves propagate obliquely to the magnetic field direction and have frequencies up to the electron cyclotron frequency. Simultaneously, the electrons have quite disturbed velocities and are anisotropic in velocity space, leading to multiple possible instabilities, such as kinetic cross-field streaming instability, low-hybrid drift instability, etc. In the same region with the broad-band wave, there are narrow-band waves at a few hundred Hertz with durations under a second. These waves are right-handed circularly polarized and propagate along the magnetic field lines. The broad-band waves are only observed at the shock ramp, but the narrow-band waves are observed more frequently further downstream in the magnetosheath. Both wave types are likely to be whistler mode with different generation mechanisms. In this paper, we examine the electric and magnetic fields of these waves, as well as the plasma observations to understand the wave generation and their effects on the shock and magnetosheath plasmas