Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment

Aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions are widely held to be the largest single source of uncertainty in climate model projections of future radiative forcing due to increasing anthropogenic emissions. The underlying causes of this uncertainty among modeled predictions of climate are the gaps in our fundamental understanding of cloud processes. There has been significant progress with both observations and models in addressing these important questions but quantifying them correctly is nontrivial, thus limiting our ability to represent them in global climate models. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE) 2011 was a targeted aircraft campaign with embedded modeling studies, using the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter aircraft and the research vessel Point Sur in July and August 2011 off the central coast of California, with a full payload of instruments to measure particle and cloud number, mass, composition, and water uptake distributions. EPEACE used three emitted particle sources to separate particle-induced feedbacks from dynamical variability, namely 1) shipboard smoke-generated particles with 0.05–1-μm diameters (which produced tracks measured by satellite and had drop composition characteristic of organic smoke), 2) combustion particles from container ships with 0.05–0.2-μm diameters (which were measured in a variety of conditions with droplets containing both organic and sulfate components), and 3) aircraft-based milled salt particles with 3–5-μm diameters (which showed enhanced drizzle rates in some clouds). The aircraft observations were consistent with past large-eddy simulations of deeper clouds in ship tracks and aerosol– cloud parcel modeling of cloud drop number and composition, providing quantitative constraints on aerosol effects on warm-cloud microphysics

Preventing the development of depression at work: a systematic review and meta-analysis of universal interventions in the workplace

BACKGROUND: Depression is a major public health problem among working-age adults. The workplace is potentially an important location for interventions aimed at preventing the development of depression, but to date, the mental health impact of universal interventions in the workplace has been unclear. METHOD: A systematic search was conducted in relevant databases to identify randomized controlled trials of workplace interventions aimed at universal prevention of depression. The quality of studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. A meta-analysis was performed using results from studies of adequate methodological quality, with pooled effect size estimates obtained from a random effects model. RESULTS: Nine workplace-based randomized controlled trials (RCT) were identified. The majority of the included studies utilized cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques. The overall standardized mean difference (SMD) between the intervention and control groups was 0.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.07, 0.24, P = 0.0002), indicating a small positive effect. A separate analysis using only CBT-based interventions yielded a significant SMD of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.22, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: There is good quality evidence that universally delivered workplace mental health interventions can reduce the level of depression symptoms among workers. There is more evidence for the effectiveness of CBT-based programs than other interventions. Evidence-based workplace interventions should be a key component of efforts to prevent the development of depression among adults

A meta-regression of the impact of policy on the efficacy of individual placement and support

Objective: Individual placement and support (IPS) has shown consistently better outcomes on competitive employment for patients with severe mental illness than traditional vocational rehabilitation. The evidence for efficacy originates from few countries, and generalization to different countries has been questioned. This has delayed implementation of IPS and led to requests for country-specific RCTs. This meta-analysis examines if evidence for IPS efficacy can be generalized between rather different countries. Methods: A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to identify RCTs. Overall efficacy was established by meta-analysis. The generalizability of IPS efficacy between countries was analysed by random-effects meta-regression, employing country- and date-specific contextual data obtained from the OECD and the World Bank. Results: The systematic review identified 27 RCTs. Employment rates are more than doubled in IPS compared with standard vocational rehabilitation (RR 2.07 95% CI 1.82–2.35). The efficacy of IPS was marginally moderated by strong legal protection against dismissals. It was not moderated by regulation of temporary employment, generosity of disability benefits, type of integration policies, GDP, unemployment rate or employment rate for those with low education. Conclusions: The evidence for efficacy of IPS is very strong. The efficacy of IPS can be generalized between countries

Negative Rumination in Social Anxiety Disorder: Mediating Processes and the Effects of Treatment

Pre- and post-event rumination are key factors in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder (SAD) according to cognitive models of social anxiety. However, there has been limited research into what cognitive and attentional processes predict and maintain levels of rumination in socially anxious individuals, particularly in regards to pre-event rumination, as well as the effect of specific treatment interventions on levels of rumination. If the cognitive and attentional mediators of negative rumination can be determined then they can be targeted when designing interventions that aim to address the role. This thesis aims to: (1) determine the size and direction that hypothesised cognitive and attentional processes share with pre- and post-event rumination in social anxiety; (2) investigate which processes need to be reduced following cognitive behavioural treatment to mediate the relationship between changes in trait social anxiety and pre- and post-event rumination; (3) make recommendations regarding the processes that need to be targeted when designing interventions that aim to address the role of pre- and post-event rumination in the development and maintenance of SAD; (4) test the effectiveness of a brief cognitive restructuring and a meta-cognitive intervention in terms of reducing levels of negative rumination in social anxiety. As a whole this thesis provides support for the maladaptive role of rumination in SAD but extends past research by investigating its mediators and response to treatment. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed and directions for future research provided

A hotel room on Mars: quarantine and the psychological view from the virtual front line

OBJECTIVE: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of quarantine for returning travellers and the effect this has on people's mental health has become a topical issue. This article briefly describes the historical context of quarantine, research around its impact on people's well-being, and the experiences of a clinical psychologist providing support to people in quarantine. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health professionals are in a unique position to assist people in quarantine, both in terms of counselling and ongoing research

A hotel room on Mars: quarantine and the psychological view from the virtual front line

Objective: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of quarantine for returning travellers and the effect this has on people’s mental health has become a topical issue. This article briefly describes the historical context of quarantine, research around its impact on people’s well-being, and the experiences of a clinical psychologist providing support to people in quarantine. Conclusions: Mental health professionals are in a unique position to assist people in quarantine, both in terms of counselling and ongoing research. </jats:sec