624 research outputs found
Reinterpretation and Long-Term Preservation of Data and Code
Careful preservation of experimental data, simulations, analysis products,
and theoretical work maximizes their long-term scientific return on investment
by enabling new analyses and reinterpretation of the results in the future. Key
infrastructure and technical developments needed for some high-value science
targets are not in scope for the operations program of the large experiments
and are often not effectively funded. Increasingly, the science goals of our
projects require contributions that span the boundaries between individual
experiments and surveys, and between the theoretical and experimental
communities. Furthermore, the computational requirements and technical
sophistication of this work is increasing. As a result, it is imperative that
the funding agencies create programs that can devote significant resources to
these efforts outside of the context of the operations of individual major
experiments, including smaller experiments and theory/simulation work. In this
Snowmass 2021 Computational Frontier topical group report (CompF7:
Reinterpretation and long-term preservation of data and code), we summarize the
current state of the field and make recommendations for the future.Comment: Snowmass 2021 Computational Frontier CompF7 Reinterpretation and
long-term preservation of data and code topical group repor
Identification of a 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) mutant with improved crystallographic properties
In this report, we describe a truncated Deinococcus radiodurans 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) protein that retains enzymatic activity, while slowing protein degradation and showing
improved crystallization properties. With modern drug-design approaches relying heavily on the
elucidation of atomic interactions of potential new drugs with their targets, the need for co-crystal
structures with the compounds of interest is high. DXS itself is a promising drug target, as it catalyzes
the first reaction in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway for the biosynthesis of the
universal precursors of terpenes, which are essential secondary metabolites. In contrast to many bacteria
and pathogens, which employ the MEP pathway, mammals use the distinct mevalonate-pathway for the
biosynthesis of these precursors, which makes all enzymes of the MEP-pathway potential new targets for
the development of anti-infectives. However, crystallization of DXS has proven to be challenging: while
the first X-ray structures from Escherichia coli and D. radiodurans were solved in 2004, since then only
two additions have been made in 2019 that were obtained under anoxic conditions. The presented site of
truncation can potentially also be transferred to other homologues, opening up the possibility for the
determination of crystal structures from pathogenic species, which until now could not be crystallized.
This manuscript also provides a further example that truncation of a variable region of a protein can lead
to improved structural data
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): The stellar mass budget of galaxy spheroids and discs
We build on a recent photometric decomposition analysis of 7506 Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey galaxies to derive stellar mass function fits to individual spheroid and disc component populations down to a lower mass limit of log(M*/Mâ) = 8. We find that the spheroid/disc mass distributions for individual galaxy morphological types are well described by single Schechter function forms. We derive estimates of the total stellar mass densities in spheroids (Ïspheroid = 1.24 ± 0.49 Ă 108âMâ Mpc â3h0.7) and discs (Ïdisc = 1.20 ± 0.45 Ă 108âMâ Mpc â3h0.7), which translates to approximately 50 per cent of the local stellar mass density in spheroids and 48 per cent in discs. The remaining stellar mass is found in the dwarf âlittle blue spheroidâ class, which is not obviously similar in structure to either classical spheroid or disc populations. We also examine the variation of component mass ratios across galaxy mass and group halo mass regimes, finding the transition from spheroid to disc mass dominance occurs near galaxy stellar mass âŒ1011âMâ and group halo mass âŒ1012.5âMâhâ1. We further quantify the variation in spheroid-to-total mass ratio with group halo mass for central and satellite populations as well as the radial variation of this ratio within groups
First crystal structures of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicate a distinct mechanism of intermediate stabilization
The development of drug resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic bacteria
emphasizes the need for new antibiotics. Unlike animals, most bacteria synthesize isoprenoid
precursors through the MEP pathway. 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) catalyzes the
frst reaction of the MEP pathway and is an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics.
We report here the successful use of a loop truncation to crystallize and solve the frst DXPS structures
of a pathogen, namely M. tuberculosis (MtDXPS). The main diference found to other DXPS structures
is in the active site where a highly coordinated water was found, showing a new mechanism for
the enamine-intermediate stabilization. Unlike other DXPS structures, a âfork-likeâ motif could be
identifed in the enamine structure, using a diferent residue for the interaction with the cofactor,
potentially leading to a decrease in the stability of the intermediate. In addition, electron density
suggesting a phosphate group could be found close to the active site, provides new evidence for
the D-GAP binding site. These results provide the opportunity to improve or develop new inhibitors
specifc for MtDXPS through structure-based drug design
First crystal structures of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicate a distinct mechanism of intermediate stabilization
The development of drug resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic bacteria emphasizes the need for new antibiotics. Unlike animals, most bacteria synthesize isoprenoid precursors through the MEP pathway. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) catalyzes the first reaction of the MEP pathway and is an attractive target for the development of new antibiotics. We report here the successful use of a loop truncation to crystallize and solve the first DXPS structures of a pathogen, namely M. tuberculosis (MtDXPS). The main difference found to other DXPS structures is in the active site where a highly coordinated water was found, showing a new mechanism for the enamine-intermediate stabilization. Unlike other DXPS structures, a "fork-like" motif could be identified in the enamine structure, using a different residue for the interaction with the cofactor, potentially leading to a decrease in the stability of the intermediate. In addition, electron density suggesting a phosphate group could be found close to the active site, provides new evidence for the D-GAP binding site. These results provide the opportunity to improve or develop new inhibitors specific for MtDXPS through structure-based drug design
Cold heteromolecular dipolar collisions
We present the first experimental observation of cold collisions between two
different species of neutral polar molecules, each prepared in a single
internal quantum state. Combining for the first time the techniques of Stark
deceleration, magnetic trapping, and cryogenic buffer gas cooling allows the
enhancement of molecular interaction time by 10. This has enabled an
absolute measurement of the total trap loss cross sections between OH and
ND at a mean collision energy of 3.6 cm (5 K). Due to the dipolar
interaction, the total cross section increases upon application of an external
polarizing electric field. Cross sections computed from \emph{ab initio}
potential energy surfaces are in excellent agreement with the measured value at
zero external electric field. The theory presented here represents the first
such analysis of collisions between a radical and a closed-shell
polyatomic molecule.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Galaxy and mass assembly (GAMA): Panchromatic data release (far-UV-far-IR) and the low-z energy budget
Pediculosis and the Pediatrician
Head lice commonly evoke feelings of disgust, revulsion, anger, and shame among parents and patients. There should, however, be no great cause for such alarm if a physician suspects pediculosis capitis. The recent introduction of several new pediculicidal drugs now allows a choice among four distinct therapeutic agents, which should substantially improve control of isolated cases and epidemics. Physicians must be aware that consumer groups are pressing public health authorities and drug manufacturers to establish proper treatment standards and safety warnings for the use of these agents. In addition, some controversy surrounds the use of lindane in children. This paper reviews the epidemiology and clinical appearance of pediculosis capitis in children, with emphasis on these recent developments. Pubic lice ( Phthirus pubis ) and body lice ( Pedicutus humanus corporis ), both of which are much less common pediatric infestations, are mentioned only briefly.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72607/1/j.1525-1470.1984.tb00447.x.pd
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): the stellar mass budget of galaxy spheroids and discs
We build on a recent photometric decomposition analysis of 7506 Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey galaxies to derive stellar mass function fits to individual spheroid and disc component populations down to a lower mass limit of log(M*/Mâ) = 8. We find that the spheroid/disc mass distributions for individual galaxy morphological types are well described by single Schechter function forms. We derive estimates of the total stellar mass densities in spheroids (Ïspheroid = 1.24 ± 0.49 Ă 108 Mâ Mpc -3h0.7) and discs (Ïdisc = 1.20 ± 0.45 Ă 108 Mâ Mpc -3h0.7), which translates to approximately 50 per cent of the local stellar mass density in spheroids and 48 per cent in discs. The remaining stellar mass is found in the dwarf 'little blue spheroid' class, which is not obviously similar in structure to either classical spheroid or disc populations. We also examine the variation of component mass ratios across galaxy mass and group halo mass regimes, finding the transition from spheroid to disc mass dominance occurs near galaxy stellar mass ~1011 Mâ and group halo mass ~1012.5 Mâh-1. We further quantify the variation in spheroid-to-total mass ratio with group halo mass for central and satellite populations as well as the radial variation of this ratio within groups.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Signatures of Short Distance Physics in the Cosmic Microwave Background
We systematically investigate the effect of short distance physics on the
spectrum of temperature anistropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background produced
during inflation. We present a general argument-assuming only low energy
locality-that the size of such effects are of order H^2/M^2, where H is the
Hubble parameter during inflation, and M is the scale of the high energy
physics.
We evaluate the strength of such effects in a number of specific string and M
theory models. In weakly coupled field theory and string theory models, the
effects are far too small to be observed. In phenomenologically attractive
Horava-Witten compactifications, the effects are much larger but still
unobservable. In certain M theory models, for which the fundamental Planck
scale is several orders of magnitude below the conventional scale of grand
unification, the effects may be on the threshold of detectability.
However, observations of both the scalar and tensor fluctuation contributions
to the Cosmic Microwave Background power spectrum-with a precision near the
cosmic variance limit-are necessary in order to unambiguously demonstrate the
existence of these signatures of high energy physics. This is a formidable
experimental challenge.Comment: 49 pages, 2 figures. References added, minor typos correcte
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