544 research outputs found
The Consequences of Information Revealed in Auctions
This paper considers the ramifications of post-auction competition on bidding behavior under different bid announcement policies. In equilibrium, the auctioneerās announcement policy has two distinct effects. First, announcement entices players to signal information to their post-auction competitors through their bids. Second, announcement can lead to greater bidder participation in certain instances while limiting participation in others. Specifically, the participation effect works against the signalling effect, thus reducing the impact of signalling found in other papers. Revenue, efficiency, and surplus implications of various announcement policies are examined
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Explaining the forgetting bias effect on value judgments: the influence of memory for a past test
People often feel that information that was forgotten is less important than remembered information. Prior work has shown that participants assign higher importance to remembered information while undervaluing forgotten information. The current study examined two possible accounts of this finding. In three experiments, participants studied lists of words in which each word was randomly assigned a point value denoting the value of remembering the word. Following the presentation of each list participants engaged in a free recall test. After the presentation of all lists participants were shown each of the words they had studied and asked to recall the point value that was initially paired with each word. Experiment 1 tested a fluency-based account by presenting items for value judgments in a low-fluency or high-fluency format. Experiment 2 examined whether value judgments reflect attributions based on the familiarity of an item when value judgments are made. Finally, in Experiment 3, we evaluated whether participants believe that forgotten words are less important by having them judge whether an item was initially recalled or forgotten prior to making a value judgment. Manipulating the fluency of an item presented for judgment had no influence on value ratings (Experiment 1) and familiarity exerted a limited influence on value judgments (Experiment 2). More importantly, participantsā value judgments appeared to reflect a theory that remembered information is more valuable than forgotten information (Experiment 3). Overall, the present work suggests that individuals may apply a theory about remembering and forgetting to retrospectively assess the value of information
Managing Complexity with the Department of Defense Architecture Framework: Development of a Dynamic System Architecture Model
Architecture frameworks are tools for managing system complexity by structuring data in a common language and format. By characterizing the form, function, and rules governing systems, architecture frameworks serve as a communication tool to stakeholder communities with different views of the system and facilitate comparative evaluation across architectures. The goal of this research is to explore the applicability of architecture frameworks to the study of emergent properties of satellites. The U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework was selected to achieve this goal given its orientation towards technical systems in contrast to the majority of architecture frameworks focused on business enterprises. Although developed by military planners in the 1990ās to support the acquisition of interoperable information systems, the Department of Defense Architecture Framework can be used to connect operational concepts and capabilities to the technical architecture of any system. While the views of the Department of Defense Architecture Framework are well-defined, little guidance is provided on how the views are to be constructed. Vitech Corporationās software program CORE,Ā® a systems engineering modeling tool with the ability rapidly to produce architecture views from a common data repository, was employed to complete Department of Defense Architecture Frameworks for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Upon characterizing Hubble within this common structure, the value of the Department of Defense Architecture Framework for conducting dynamic quantitative analyses of system architectures was explored. A methodology is proposed and tested for evaluating human and robotic architectures for on-orbit servicingāthe extension of the useful life of spacecraft through refueling, upgrading, repair, relocation, et al. In particular, a multi-year servicing campaign is modeled for Hubble including behavioral threads that characterize the Orbiting Observatory, servicing architecture, and science customers. Preliminary results indicate that, when coupled with an executable model, the Department of Defense Architecture Framework can be utilized for dynamic quantitative evaluation of space system architectures. The paper concludes with lessons learned from using the Department of Defense Architecture Framework and proposes improvements for the application of its static views to model-based systems engineering
Exploring Stakeholder Value Models via Interactive Visualization
AbstractIn the design of complex systems, models can be used to predict a future system's performance as well as approximate stakeholder preferences on performance. This paper examines the problem of model truthfulness and the challenge of trusting models, with a focus on value models and how they are used to predict stakeholder preferences. A framework is proposed for the analysis of these issues (truthfulness and trust), which is used to discuss the relationship between models and decision outcomes. Interactive visualization is proposed as an efficient and effective method for increasing model truthfulness and model trust, and hence making better decisions. An interactive visualization tool is also presented, and an application of the tool to a complex decision case is discussed
Effects of human mesenchymal stem cells on ER-positive human breast carcinoma cells mediated through ER-SDF-1/CXCR4 crosstalk
Ponderomotive effects in multiphoton pair production
The Dirac-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism is employed to investigate
electron-positron pair production in cylindrically symmetric but otherwise
spatially inhomogeneous, oscillating electric fields. The oscillation
frequencies are hereby tuned to obtain multiphoton pair production in the
nonperturbative threshold regime. An effective mass as well as a
trajectory-based semi-classical analysis are introduced in order to interpret
the numerical results for the distribution functions as well as for the
particle yields and spectra. The results, including the asymptotic particle
spectra, display clear signatures of ponderomotive forces.Comment: 9 pages, 3 Tables, 3 Figure
microRNA regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin expression and activity controls estrogen receptor function and RAD001 sensitivity
Background:
The AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is regulated by 17
Ī±
-estradiol (E2)
signaling and mediates E2-induced proliferation and progesterone receptor (PgR) expression in breast cancer.
Methods and results:
Here we use deep sequencing analysis of previously published data from The Cancer
Genome Atlas to demonstrate that expression of a key component of mTOR signaling, rapamycin-insensitive
companion of mTOR (Rictor), positively correlated with an estrogen receptor-
Ī±
positive (ER
Ī±
+
) breast tumor signature.
Through increased microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in the ER
Ī±
+
breast cancer cells we demonstrate repression
of Rictor enhanced activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling with both qPCR and western blot.
miR-155-mediated mTOR signaling resulted in deregulated ER
Ī±
signalingbothinculturedcells
in vitro
and in
xenografts
in vivo
in addition to repressed PgR expression and act
ivity.FurthermoreweobservedthatmiR-155
enhanced mTORC1 signaling (observed through western
blot for increased phosphorylation on mTOR S2448) and
induced inhibition of mTORC2 signaling (evident through
repressed Rictor and tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1) gene
expression). mTORC1 induced deregulation of E2 signaling was confirmed using qPCR and the mTORC1-specific
inhibitor RAD001. Co-treatment of MCF7 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing miR-155 with RAD001 and E2
restored E2-induced PgR gene expression. RAD001 treatment of SCID/CB17 mice inhibited E2-induced tumorigenesis
of the MCF7 miR-155 overexpressing cell line. Finally we demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Rictor
and PgR expression and a negative correlation with Raptor expression in Luminal B breast cancer samples, a breast
cancer histological subtype known for having an altered ER
Ī±
-signaling pathway.
Conclusions:
miRNA mediated alterations in mTOR and ER
Ī±
signaling establishes a new mechanism for altered
estrogen responses independent of growth factor stimulation
Striking A Balance: An Exploration of Staff-Camper Relationship Formation
Previous research highlights a range of positive developmental outcomes associated with attending summer camp. Close staff-camper relationships likely contribute to positive development, but little is known about how these bonds are formed. The current study utilized constructivist thematic analysis of interviews with campers (n = 8) and staff members (n = 7) at an overnight summer camp to examine the factors and processes that promote or inhibit close staff-camper relationship formation. The main themes identified were striking a balance, level of experience, and relationship-promoting behaviors. Staff members experience apparent paradoxes in their roles (e.g., relating to campers while also exerting authority), but navigate these tensions by using relationship-promoting behaviors and through increased experience. These findings suggest that staff training and supervision should emphasize relationship-promoting behaviors, continue throughout the summer, and be informed by campersā perspectives. Additionally, camp administrators should capitalize on accrued experience by prioritizing staff retention
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