Family crisis in the context of bone marrow transplantation: an integrative review

Esta revisión integrada de la literatura se trata de la crisis vivenciada por los parientes del paciente con trasplante de médula ósea (TMO). La muestra se constituyó de 25 publicaciones, una de ellas obtenida del Lilacs y 24 del Medline. Los resultados mostraron la inexistencia de estudios experimentales, y que las intervenciones se dirigen a los aspectos psicológicos y sociales. Considerando los aspectos de la crisis familiar apuntados en los artículos, se observó que el 100% mencionó la característica del evento (diagnóstico de la enfermedad y TMO) y la amenaza percibida; el 52% citó como relevantes los recursos ofrecidos y el 20% indicó que experiencias de crisis pasadas influencian la crisis vivenciada. La comprensión de los elementos de la crisis familiar y la identificación de intervenciones apropiadas ayudan el enfermero en la atención a parientes de pacientes sometidos al TMO.This study presents an integrative literature review about the crisis experienced by relatives of bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients. The sample consisted of 25 publications, one of which came from Lilacs and 24 from Medline. The results evidenced that there were no experimental studies and that interventions are aimed at psychological and social aspects. In terms of aspects of family crisis indicated in the articles, all publications discussed the characteristic of the event (diagnosis of the disease and BMT) and the perceived threat; 52% of the articles mention the resources offered as being relevant and 20% mention that past crisis experiences influence the current crisis. Understanding the elements of family crisis and identifying appropriate interventions help nurses in care delivery to BMT patients.Trata-se de revisão integrativa que aborda a crise vivenciada pelo familiar do paciente com transplante de medula óssea (TMO). Foram selecionados 25 artigos, sendo um da Base Lilacs e 24 d Medline. Os resultados apontaram a inexistência de estudos experimentais e, também, que as intervenções estão voltadas aos aspectos psicológicos e sociais. Considerando os aspectos da crise familiar destacados nos artigos, observou-se que 100% deles abordaram a característica do evento (diagnóstico da doença e TMO) e a ameaça percebida; 52% citaram como relevantes os recursos oferecidos e 20% mencionaram que experiências de crises passadas influenciaram a crise vivenciada. A compreensão dos elementos da crise familiar e a identificação de intervenções apropriadas auxiliam o enfermeiro na assistência aos familiares de pacientes submetidos ao TMO

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

"Family crisis and Bone Marrow Transplantation: evidences for nursing care"

Trata-se de uma pesquisa que utilizou a revisão integrativa da literatura que objetivou as possíveis intervenções de enfermagem para os familiares de clientes transplantados de medula óssea. Realizou-se a busca de artigos e teses nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs e Medline (período de 01/01/1990 a 05/05/2005), utilizando-se as palavras: bmt" e family" e bone marrow transplantation" e family" respectivamente. Foram identificadas duas publicações no Lilacs, sendo que apenas uma foi pertinente ao tema proposto e 807 publicações no Medline, das quais apenas 24 abordavam o tema proposto, a amostra foi constituída por 25 publicações. Para análise dos artigos utilizou-se um instrumento para identificação das características dos artigos, níveis de evidências, delineamento da pesquisa, características da crise familiar, fatores que influenciam a habilidade das famílias para enfrentar e se adaptar a uma crise e, por fim, intervenções de enfermagem propostas. Foi utilizado o modelo de crise proposto por Hill e Hansen que classifica a crise em quatro categorias: características do evento, ameaças percebidas, avaliação dos recursos da família e experiência passada em crises. Os resultados mostraram que 96% dos artigos foram obtidos do Medline, sendo que 12 (48%) artigos foram desenvolvidos por enfermeiros e os demais por outros profissionais. Em relação ao tipo de revista, 36% dos artigos foram publicados em periódicos específicos de enfermagem, sendo que 72% provém dos EUA, 16% da Grécia, Canadá, Polônia e Brasil (distribuídos igualmente) e 12% não foi possível identificar a procedência. As evidências clínicas variaram entre os níveis 4(64%), 5 (4%) e 6 (28%), e mostraram a importância da comunicação efetiva e clara entre os membros familiares, equipe e paciente para minimizar a ansiedade e depressão; que os tipos específicos de família, suas características, coesão, poucos conflitos, orientações culturais e intelectuais e ênfase religiosa promovem maior suporte emocional aos mesmos e que os grupos de apoio e redes de apoio minimizam a ansiedade, angústia e a depressão vivenciada pelo paciente e sua família. Quanto às intervenções percebe-se que a maioria está voltada para os aspectos psicológicos e sociais, sendo relevantes a ação do enfermeiro nas propostas de estratégias de enfrentamento para o familiar e o paciente frente às diversas fases do TMO. As intervenções propostas na literatura vão ao encontro das sugeridas pela NIC para os diagnósticos de enfermagem processos familiares interrompidos e enfrentamento familiar comprometido"; em especial o suporte emocional (64%), suporte familiar (36%), redução da ansiedade (28%), grupo de apoio (32%), melhora do enfrentamento (40%) e assistência quanto aos recursos financeiros (24%). Apreende-se que outras intervenções sugeridas pela NIC poderão ser desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros.This study presents an integrative literature review of possible nursing interventions for family members of bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients. We looked for articles and theses in the electronic databases Lilacs and Medline (from 01/01/1990 to 05/05/2005), using the following keywords: bmt" and family" and bone marrow transplantation" and family" respectively. Two publications were identified in Lilacs, one of which was relevant for the proposed subject, against 807 publications in Medline, 24 of which dealt with the proposed theme. Thus, the sample consisted of 25 publications. In the analysis, we used an instrument to identify the articles characteristics, levels of evidence, research design, family crisis characteristics, factors influencing the families ability to deal with and adapt to a crisis and, finally, proposed nursing interventions. The crisis model by Hill and Hansen was used, which classifies a crisis into 4 categories: event characteristics, perceived threats, family resources and past crisis experience. The results evidenced that 96% of the articles came from Medline, 12 (48%) of which were developed by nurses and the remainder by other professionals. What the type of journal is concerned, 36% of the articles were published in specific nursing periodicals, 72% of which were from the USA, 16% from Greece, Canada, Poland and Brazil (equal distribution) and, for 12%, the origin could not be identified. Clinical evidence varied between levels 4 (64%), 5 (4%) and 6 (28%) and demonstrated the importance of effective and clear communication between family members, team and patient with a view to minimizing anxiety and depression; that specific family types, their characteristics, cohesion, few conflicts, cultural and intellectual orientations and religious emphasis provide greater emotional support and that support groups and networks minimize the anxiety, anguish and depression patients and relatives experience. Most interventions are aimed at psychological and social aspects. Nursing actions are relevant in strategies proposed for family members and patients to cope with the different phases of BMT. The interventions proposed in literature are in accordance with suggested NIC interventions for the nursing diagnoses interrupted family processes and compromised family coping"; especially emotional support (64%), family support (36%), anxiety reduction (28%), support group (32%), improved coping (40%) and financial aid (24%). We believe that nurses can develop other NIC interventions

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt