Patterns of genetic structuring in the coral Pocillopora damicornis on reefs in East Africa

Studies of population genetic structures provide an indication of direction and magnitude of larval transport and hence are an important component in the assessment of the ability of reefs to recover from severe disturbance. This paper reports data on population genetic structures in the coral Pocillopora damicornis from 26 reefs in Kenya and Tanzania. Gene flow among reefs was found to be variable, with a significant overall genetic subdivision (FST = 0.023 +/- 0.004 SE; p < 0.001), however, only 34% of all pairwise population comparisons showed significant differentiation. Panmixia could not be rejected between reefs separated by as much as 697 km, while other sites, separated by only a single kilometre, were found to be significantly differentiated. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that population genetic differentiation was significant only at the smaller spatial scale (< 10 km), whereas panmixia could not be rejected between groups of samples separated by over 100 km. Estimates of contemporary gene flow showed similar results, with numbers of first generation migrants within each population ranging from 0 to 4 (~5% of the total number of colonies sampled) and likely dispersal distances ranging between 5 and 500 km. This study showed that population differentiation in P. damicornis varied over spatial scales and that this variability occurred at both evolutionary and ecological time scales. This paradox is discussed in light of stochastic recruitment and small scale population structures found in other species of coral. The study also identifies potential source reefs, such as those within Mnemba Conservation area near Zanzibar and genetically isolated reefs such as those within Malindi Marine National Park and Reserve in northern Kenya

Development of an in situ assay for simultaneous detection of the genomic and replicative form of PCV2 using padlock probes and rolling circle amplification

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In this study we utilized padlock probes and rolling circle amplification as a mean to detect and study the replication of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in cultured cells and in infected tissue. Porcine circovirus type 2 is a single-stranded circular DNA virus associated with several severe diseases, porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) in pigs, such as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. The exact reason and mechanisms behind the trigger of PCV2 replication that is associated with these diseases is not well-known. The virus replicates with rolling circle replication and thus also exists as a double-stranded replicative form.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By applying padlock probes and rolling circle amplification we could not only visualise the viral genome but also discriminate between the genomic and the replicative strand in situ. The genomic strand existed in higher numbers than the replicative strand. The virus accumulated in certain nuclei but also spread into the cytoplasm of cells in the surrounding tissue. In cultured cells the average number of signals increased with time after infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We have developed a method for detection of both strands of PCV2 in situ that can be useful for studies of replication and in situ detection of PCV2 as well as of DNA viruses in general.</p

High-cycle thermal fatigue in mixing tees. Large-eddy simulations compared to a new validation experiment

ABSTRACT The present paper describes new experimental data of thermal mixing in a T-junction compared with results from Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulations (DES). The experimental setup was designed in order to provide data suitable for validation of CFD-calculations. The data is obtained from temperature measurements with thermocouples located near the pipe wall, velocity measurements with Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) as well as single-point concentration measurements with Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The LES showed good agreement with the experimental data also when fairly coarse computational meshes were used. However, grid refinement studies revealed a fairly strong sensitivity to the grid resolution, and a simulation using a fine mesh with nearly 10 million cells significantly improved the results in the entire flow domain. The sensitivity to different unsteady inlet boundary conditions was however small, which shows that the strong large-scale instabilities that are present in the mixing region are triggered independent of the applied inlet perturbations. A shortcoming in the performed simulations is insufficient near-wall resolution, which resulted in poor predictions of the near-wall mean velocity profiles and the wall-shear stress. Simulations using DES improved the near-wall velocity predictions, but failed to predict the temperature fluctuations due to high levels of modeled turbulent viscosity that restrained the formation of small scale turbulence

Företagande och företagsamhet

Företagande och företagsamhet Innehållsförteckning – Berättelserna: skärgårdslivets salt och socker av Nina Söderlund – En analys av företagandet i skärgården av Mats Nurmio – Kvarkens skärgård är Marias och Joakims passion av Kirsi Tikkanen – Kökarborna visade att det är möjligt – ny butik på fem månader! av Ester Laurell – Frisbeegolf gav blomstrande talkoanda på Kumlinge av Satu Numminen – Finlands sista butiksbåt har kort men intensiv säsong av Thure Malmberg – Oväntat stor potential inom skärgårdens besöksnäring Annastina Sarlin – Skärgårdssmaken finns i de små gårdsbutikerna Pia Prost – InSPIRAtion och konkret hjälp – med studerande som unik resurs av Hanna Guseff – SPIRA inspirerade skärgårdsföretagare av Ulla Mattsson-Wiklén – Ingen dag är den andra lik för skärgårdsföretagaren av Mia Henriksson – Företagarna på Erkasgården gör Jumos egen ost av Pia Prost – En bit av skärgården i varje plagg av Mia Henriksson – Gränsöverskridande samverkan i Tre Skärgårdar av Staffan Ljung – Kronehags donerade sitt livsverk på Björkholm av Pia Prost – Att segla var nödvändigt för Göran Schildt av Kjell Andersson – Ombord på Daphne av Nalle Valtiala – Notiser – Skärinytt – Sista bilde

Utvärdering av ett koncept för behandling av övervikt

Bakgrund Övervikt är ett ökande folkhälsoproblem. Med hittillsvarande forskning som grund satte vi samman ett koncept för viktminskning i grupp med tonvikt på livsstilsförändringar i små steg för att därigenom skapa grund för en bestående viktnedgång. En förutsättning var att antalet gruppsammankomster skulle vara litet. Syfte Syftet var att utvärdera vårt koncept för viktminskning. Förutom viktnedgång ville vi se om kolesterolvärde, blodtryck eller blodsockervärde påverkades. Undersökt grupp och metod Vi ville ha en motiverad grupp på ca 10 personer för en studietid på 12 månader. Gruppen valdes ut genom att hela personalen på ett företag genomgick hälsokontroll och de som hade BMI på minst 30 erbjöds delta. 11 av 20 personer valde att delta. Gruppen träffades 6 gånger. Varje person fick under handledning upprätta sin egen handlingsplan och målsättning som följdes upp vid träffarna. Medicinering som tillägg erbjöds. 3 personer valde det. Resultat och diskussion 9 av 11 deltagare fullföljde. Viktnedgången var i genomsnitt 4,4 kg efter 12 månader. Blodtrycket och blodsockret sjönk något. Kolesterolvärdet steg. Denna rapport har karaktären av pilotstudie och omfattar för få personer för att statistiska slutsatser skall kunna dras. Slutsatser Vårt koncept har visat sig motsvara förväntningarna på viktnedgång och har varit effektivt trots få gruppträffar. Resultatet visar att detta koncept är värt att arbeta vidare med. Det skulle vara intressant att följa gruppen under ytterligare flera år eftersom vår målsättning är att metoden skall ge en bestående viktnedgång. Enligt SBU-rapporten har i många undersökningar ursprungsvikten varit återtagen inom 5 år

On Noise Generation and Dynamic Transmission Error of Gears

Noise from heavy trucks is an important environmental issue. Several sources contribute to the total noise level of a vehicle, such as the engine, gearbox, tires, etc. The tonal noise from the gearbox can be very disturbing for the driver, even if the noise level from the gearbox is lower than the total noise level. The human ear has a remarkable way of detecting pure tones of which the noise from loaded gears consists of. To be allowed to sell a heavy truck within the European Union, the so called pass-by noise test must be completed successfully. The maximum noise level permitted is 80dB(A) and undercertain conditions, the gearbox can be an important contributor to the total noise level. Gear noise is therefore an important issue for the automotive industry. In this thesis gear noise and dynamic transmission error is investigated. Traditionally, transmission error (TE) is considered to be the main excitation mechanism of gear noise. The definition of TE is ”the difference between the actual position of the output gearand the position it would occupy if the gear drive were perfect”. Measurements of dynamic transmission error (DTE) and noise have been performed on a gearbox. The measurement object was a commercial truck gearbox powered by an electrical motor. The torque used was in the normal operating range of the gearbox and the correlation between gear noise and DTE, when the torque is changed, is investigated. The result differs for different gear pairs and for the first gear stage, located close to the housing, the correlation is high for most speeds. The measured DTE and noise show a poor correlation with calculated transmission error. A minimisation of TE therefore does not necessarily mean a minimisation of gear noise. A transfer function can be employed to calculate the relationship between DTE and noise. The general trend of the gear noise is an increase of 6dB per doubling of the rotational speed together with fluctuations around the mean due to resonances of the system. The magnitude of the transfer function can be estimated using the amplitudesof the gear mesh orders and harmonics. Two gear pairs with similar macro geometry but different profile modifications are investigated. Although the gear pairs have similar transmission error, the noise level display a significantly different trend, further strengt hening the position that transmission error is not the single most important gear noise excitation mechanism. Further analysis concludes that shuttling forces and friction forces can be more important than what is often suggested. A dynamic model including transmission error and shuttling forces is used to investigate the two gear pairs. The bearing forces show that for some frequency regions shuttling forces can be of the same order of magnitude as the forces caused by transmission error. This work highlights the importance of considering other excitations of gear noise besides transmission error when designing quiet gears. The influence of transmission error can not be determined by investigating the gears only. A deeper knowledge of the gear system is needed in order to minimise gear noise for a specific gear design.QC 2010071

ANALYSIS OF GEAR NOISE AND DYNAMIC TRANSMISSION ERROR MEASUREMENTS

ABSTRACT Measurements of dynamic transmission error (DTE) an

Audiovisuella beslutsmöten ur ett användarperspektiv

Using conferencing software tools for meetings has become a viable alternative for organizations wanting to increase productivity and decrease cost. In this study, we look at how a public authority uses audiovisual technology for decision-making meetings from a user perspective. The overall purpose of the study is to examine the users view on audiovisual decision-making meetings within an authority, between one or two participants in geographically diverse places. We want to study the benefits and obstacles that the staff sees when using audiovisual technology for internal decision-making meetings. We find this interesting to study as we see a trend where companies globalize and become geographically spread all over the world, this results in a cost increase in form of time, money and productivity. Creating teams in organizations to gather expertise within a certain area is common. The group members in these teams can belong to different organizations and places and also have different functions in the group. These kinds of cooperative teams have then grown to become virtual teams as companies have become global and the members are spread in different geographical places and often meet with the help of electronic cooperation technology. The study is a case study with qualitative character and the data collection was done through two interviews with users of internal audiovisual decision-making meetings in a larger organization. The result shows that the users of the audiovisual technology are generally positive to the way of working where the benefits are that they don't have to travel as much and the meetings seems to be more flexible and efficient comparing to physical meetings. Concerning quality of decision making our study resulted that there is no difference between audiovisual meetings and physical meetings. If the technology works there are no barriers handling audiovisual meetings. The conclusion that can be done from our study is that education regarding meeting technology is very important so that the users can use the technology in a working way. It's especially important with education and guidelines for elderly users because of their unaccustomed with the way of work. The study also shows that as much preparation is required for both audiovisual decision-making meetings as physical meetings. There has to be an agenda with clarity of what is to be discussed during the meeting and that a chairman and secretary are required at internal audiovisual meetings.Validerat; 20110620 (anonymous