Early acute microvascular kidney transplant rejection in the absence of anti-HLA antibodies is associated with preformed IgG antibodies against diverse glomerular endothelial cell antigens

International audienceBACKGROUND: Although anti-HLA antibodies (Abs) cause most antibody-mediated rejections of renal allografts, non-anti-HLA Abs have also been postulated to contribute. A better understanding of such Abs in rejection is needed.METHODS: We conducted a nationwide study to identify kidney transplant recipients without anti-HLA donor-specific Abs who experienced acute graft dysfunction within 3 months after transplantation and showed evidence of microvascular injury, called acute microvascular rejection (AMVR). We developed a crossmatch assay to assess serum reactivity to human microvascular endothelial cells, and used a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to identify non-HLA Abs.RESULTS: We identified a highly selected cohort of 38 patients with early acute AMVR. Biopsy specimens revealed intense microvascular inflammation and the presence of vasculitis (in 60.5%), interstitial hemorrhages (31.6%), or thrombotic microangiopathy (15.8%). Serum samples collected at the time of transplant showed that previously proposed anti-endothelial cell Abs-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin-1 type A and natural polyreactive Abs-did not increase significantly among patients with AMVR compared with a control group of stable kidney transplant recipients. However, 26% of the tested AMVR samples were positive for AT1R Abs when a threshold of 10 IU/ml was used. The crossmatch assay identified a common IgG response that was specifically directed against constitutively expressed antigens of microvascular glomerular cells in patients with AMVR. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified new targets of non-HLA Abs, with little redundancy among individuals.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that preformed IgG Abs targeting non-HLA antigens expressed on glomerular endothelial cells are associated with early AMVR, and that cell-based assays are needed to improve risk assessments before transplant

Biomarkers and kidney allograft dysfunction

La transplantation rénale reste le traitement de choix du stade terminal la maladie rénale chronique. Malgré la diminution très significative de l'incidence du rejet aigu à médiation cellulaire (ACR), la survie à long terme des greffons rénaux reste relativement stable probablement à cause de l'augmentation du rejet à médiation humorale. Dans cette thèse, nous avons exploré deux objectifs de l'analyse moléculaire au cours de la transplantation rénale dont les biomarqueurs font partie intégrante : la prédiction de l'épisode de rejet aigu avant même l'apparition des lésions histologiques et l'amélioration de nos connaissances sur la physiopathologie des mécanismes immunologiques afin de pouvoir adapter le mieux possible le traitement immunosuppresseur.Dans un premier travail clinique préliminaire à la recherche de biomarqueurs, nous avons analysé dans une cohorte rétrospective de 87 patients, les facteurs de risque indépendants de perte du greffon rénal après un épisode de rejet aigu à médiation humorale (AMR) C4d positif. L'analyse par régression de Cox a retrouvé deux deux facteurs de risque : le niveau initial de dégradation de la fonction du greffon rénal et la présence concomittante d'un rejet aigu à médiation cellulaire. Dans un deuxième travail, nous avons exploré la possibilité d'utiliser des biomarqueurs non invasifs plutôt que la biopsie du greffon rénal chez des patients avec dysfonction aigue du greffon, situation à risque de dysfonction chronqiue du greffon rénal. Nous avons mesuré le niveau d'expression urinaire de 26 ARN messagers préselectionnés chez 84 transplantés rénaux avec dysfonction aigue du greffon, 32 nécrose tubulaire aigue, 26 ACR et 26 AMR Puis par une analyse discriminante suivie d'une validation croisée, nous avons découvert et validé une combinaison linéaire de six ARNm CD3e, CD105, TLR4, CD14, le facteur B du complément et la vimentine différentiant efficacement le rejet aigu de la nécrose tubulaire aigue. Cette combinaison linéaire permet d'épargner un nombre significatif de biopsies du greffon non indispensables. Puis, par la même technique, nous avons découvert et validé une nouvelle combinaison linéaire d'ARNm CD3e, CD105, CD14, CD46, et l'ARNr 18S pouvant différentier efficacement l'ACR de l'AMR. A l'avenir ces signatures pourraient diminuer le recours à la réalisation d'une biopsie du greffon puis une aide au diagnostic précoce des épisodes de rejets aigus. Dans un troisième travail, nous avons analysé le phénotype lymphocytaire B de patients transplantés rénaux traités par anticalcineurines (CNI) (N=12) et belatacept (N=13), immunosuppresseur inhibiteur de la costimulation. Les patients traités par belatacept ont une meilleure survie à long terme que ceux traités par CNI. Chez les patients traités par belatacept, nous avons retrouvé un phénotype B particulier avec une augmentation significative des lymphocytes B et des lymphocytes B transitionnels CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi et CD19+ IgDhi CD38hi CD27 potentiellement régulateurs par rapport aux patients traités par CNI. Le niveau d'expression de l'ARNm de BAFF et de BAFF-R dans les PBMCs était significativement plus bas chez les patients traités par belatacept. Nos résultats pourraient expliquer en partie les meileurs résultats cliniques observés chez les patients traités par belatacept après transplantation rénale.En conclusion, au cours de cette thèse, nous avons évalué l'intérêt des biomarqueurs, dans deux domaines, la recherche de facteurs pronostiques et diagnostiques du rejet aigu à médiation humorale par l'analyse d'une cohorte clinique et du transcriptome urinaire d'une partie de cette cohorte et l'analyse des mécanismes physiopathologiques au cours de la tolérance induite par le belatacept. Nos résultats méritent d'être confirmés dans des cohortes indépendantes de patients avant leur utilisation en pratique clinique courante et l'évaluation de leur impact sur la survie des greffons rénaux.Kidney transplantation remains the best treatment in advanced chronic kidney disease. Acute T-cell mediated rejection (ACR) decreased significantly but long-term kidney allograft survival did not increase significantly these last ten years. Antibody-mediated rejection is probably the main part of the problem. In this work, we explored two ways of the molecular analysis of kidney transplant, including biomarkers: prediction of rejection and study of the mechanisms of immunosuppressiv agents within kidney transplantation.The first one, a preliminary clinical work, identified in a retrospective cohort of 87 for-cause biopsies with C4d positive acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) independant risk factors for renal allograft failure after the AMR. The Cox regression analysis identified that concurrent ACR and estimated glomerular filtration rate are independent risk factors for allograft loss. The second one explored how noninvasive tests to differentiate the basis for acute dysfunction of the kidney allograft could replace invasive allograft biopsy. We measured absolute levels of 26 prespecified mRNAs in urine samples collected from kidney graft recipients at the time of for-cause biopsy for acute allograft dysfunction. We profiled 52 urine samples from 52 patients with biopsy specimens indicating acute rejection (26 ACR and 26 AMR) and 32 urine samples from 32 patients with acute tubular injury (ATI) without acute rejection. A stepwise quadratic discriminant analysis ofmRNA measures identified a linear combination ofmRNAs for CD3e, CD105, TLR4, CD14, complement factor B, and vimentin that distinguishes acute rejection from ATI; 10-fold cross-validation of the six-gene signature yielded an estimate of the area under the curve of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.86 to 0.98). In a decision analysis, the sixgene signature yielded the highest net benefit across a range of reasonable threshold probabilities for biopsy. Next, among patients diagnosed with acute rejection, a similar statistical approach identified a linear combination ofmRNAs for CD3e, CD105, CD14, CD46, and 18S rRNA that distinguishes ACR from AMR, with a cross-validated estimate of the area under the curve of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.93). Incorporation of these urinary cell mRNA signatures in clinical decisions may reduce the number of biopsies in patients with acute dysfunction of the kidney allograft. In the third one, we analyzed B cell phenotype in kidney transplant recipients treated with the costimulation blocker belatacept and compared them to recipients treated with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Phase III clinical studies have shown that patients kidney treated belatacept exhibited a better renal allograft function and lower donor-specific anti-HLA immunization when compared to recipients treated with CNI. Thirteen patients treated with belatacept and 12 with CNI were phenotyped. In belatacept group, the frequency and absolute number of transitional B cells as defined by both phenotypes: CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi and CD19+ IgDhi CD38hi CD27-, as well as naïve B cells were significantly higher compared with CNI group. B cell activating factor (BAFF) and BAFF receptor mRNA levels were significantly lower in belatacept group than in CNI group. These results show for the first time that belatacept influences B cell compartment by favoring the occurrence of transitional B cells with potential regulatory properties, as described in operational tolerant patients. This role may explain the lower alloimmunization rate observed in belatacept-treated patients.To conclude, we evaluated biomarkers analysis within two ways, acute antibody-mediated rejection prognosis and diagnosis with a clinical cohort and urinary transcriptomic analysis and mechanisms of action of belatacept induced tolerance. Our results need to be validated in an independent cohort before to be integrated in clinical decision and evaluation of their impact on long term graft survival

Rejet humoral aigu en transplantation rénale (étude anatomo-clinique monocentrique rétrospective de 35 patients)

PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Étude de l'atteinte rénale au cours des cryoglobulinémies mixtes non induites par le virus de l'hépatite C

PARIS6-Bibl.Pitié-Salpêtrie (751132101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Evaluation de l allo-immunisation anti-HLA après détransplantation rénale et implications thérapeutiques (résultats d une étude rétrospective monocentrique française)

L étendue et l intensité du spectre d immunisation anti-HLA des candidats à une retransplantation rénale conditionnent leur accès à un nouveau greffon et sa survie. Nous avons conduit une étude monocentrique de 58 patients pour caractériser l allo-immunisation avant détransplantation, son évolution et l impact du traitement par IgIV au moment de la détransplantation. Un sérum pré (J0) et deux sérums post détransplantation (à 3 et 12 mois) ont été analysés par la technique du Luminex Single Antigen. Nous avons montré que l allo-immunisation et son évolution dépendaient du contexte clinique cause de la détransplantation. Les patients détransplantés précocement (groupe 1), faiblement immunisés à J0, développaient des anticorps anti-HLA de façon large et intense en classe I et II entre J0 et M3. Les patients détransplantés tardivement pour un rejet toxique (groupe 2) avaient un nombre de spécificités d anticorps anti-HLA de classe I significativement plus élevé que les patients asymptomatiques (groupe 3) et ils augmentaient leur degré d immunisation en atteignant un pic à M3. Par contre, l immunisation en HLA classe I des patients asymptomatiques était bimodale : 60% développaient une immunisation anti-HLA large, dont un tiers entre M3 et M12. En classe II, les patients détransplantés tardivement ne s immunisaient pas ou peu.Le traitement par IgIV ne modifiait pas l évolution de l immunisation des patients détransplantés pour un rejet toxique. Une étude prospective serait intéressante pour évaluer l impact des IgIV sur l évolution de l allo-immunisation des 2 autres catégories de patients détransplantés, plus faiblement immunisés à J0.PARIS6-Bibl.Pitié-Salpêtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF

HLA Desensitization in Solid Organ Transplantation: Anti-CD38 to Across the Immunological Barriers

International audienceThe presence of anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in the potential solid organ transplant recipient’s blood is one of the main barriers to access to a transplantation. The HLA sensitization is associated with longer waitlist time, antibody mediated rejection and transplant lost leading to increased recipient’s morbidity and mortality. However, solid organ transplantation across the HLA immunological barriers have been reported in recipients who were highly sensitized to HLA using desensitization protocols. These desensitization regimens are focused on the reduction of circulating HLA antibodies. Despite those strategies improve rates of transplantation, it remains several limitations including persistent high rejection rate and worse long-term outcomes when compare with non-sensitized recipient population. Currently, interest is growing in the development of new desensitization approaches which, beyond targeting antibodies, would be based on the modulation of alloimmune pathways. Plasma cells appears as an interesting target given their critical role in antibody production. In the last decade, CD38-targeting immunotherapies, such as daratumumab, have been recognized as a key component in the treatment of myeloma by inducing an important plasma cell depletion. This review focuses on an emerging concept based on targeting CD38 to desensitize in the field of transplantation

Anti-HLA sensitization after kidney allograft nephrectomy: changes one year post-surgery and beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin

International audienceThe analysis of anti-HLA sensitization at the time of and following allograft nephrectomy may help clinicians to define better both the indications for nephrectomy and preventive therapeutic strategies. We carried out a retrospective analysis of anti-HLA antibodies in 63 clinically indicated nephrectomies (baseline and three and 12 months after) according to the time elapsed since transplantation (six months) and clinical background. An intervention study included 10 patients without donor-specific antibodies (DSA) at the time of nephrectomy treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (1.5 g/kg). Early nephrectomies were performed in 15 patients (24%). Among the late nephrectomies, 14 patients (22%) were asymptomatic and 34 (54%) had graft intolerance syndrome (GIS). At baseline, anti-HLA sensitization was significantly lower in the early and late asymptomatic groups than in the GIS group, but increased considerably within the three months following surgery. In the group of 10 patients treated with IVIG, only the number of class I non-DSA increased in the three months after surgery, whereas in the control group (N = 13), all anti-HLA variables increased significantly. All patients undergoing a clinically indicated allograft nephrectomy become highly sensitized within the 12 months after surgery. In patients without DSA before nephrectomy, high doses of IVIG may prevent anti-HLA sensitization

APOL1 polymorphisms and development of CKD in an identical twin donor and recipient pair.: Kidney donation in twins with APOL1 variant

International audienceWe report an occurrence of progressive loss of transplant function and ultimately transplant failure after living related kidney transplantation involving monozygotic twin brothers of Afro-Caribbean origin who were both heterozygous for the G1 and G2 kidney disease risk alleles in the APOL1 gene, which encodes apolipoprotein L-I. A 21-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease of unknown cause received a kidney from his brother, who was confirmed as a monozygotic twin by microsatellite analysis. Thirty months after transplantation, the patient presented with proteinuria and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate; a biopsy of the transplant showed typical focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesions. He received steroid therapy, but progressed to kidney failure 5 years later. The twin brother had normal kidney function without proteinuria at the time of transplantation; however, 7 years later, he was found to have decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (40mL/min/1.73m(2)) and proteinuria (protein excretion of 2.5g/d). APOL1 genotyping revealed that both donor and recipient were heterozygous for the G1 and G2 alleles. This case is in stark contrast to the expected course of kidney transplantation in identical twins and suggests a role for APOL1 polymorphisms in both the donor and recipient

Infectious disease consultation is effective in boosting vaccine coverage in patients awaiting kidney transplantation: A French prospective study

International audienceRecommended preventive strategies before kidney transplantation include screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and updating of the recommended vaccines. We prospectively evaluated in dedicated infectious diseases consultations, from 2014 to 2018, the clinical and vaccination data of new adult kidney allograft candidates. Patients were offered an updated vaccination schedule, if appropriate, and were screened for LTBI using chest imaging and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA). Overall, 467 patients with median age of 58 [46-66] years were evaluated, of whom 302 patients (65%) were men (sex ratio 1.83), and 333 (71%) were on dialysis. Main causes of renal insufficiency were diabetes (25%) and autoimmune nephropathies (18%). The vaccination coverage was low and varied according to the different types of vaccines and patients. Vaccination or immunization rates were 24%, 6%, 54%, and 51% for tetanus-diphtheria-polio-acellular pertussis, Pneumococcus, hepatitis B, and seasonal influenza, respectively. ID consultation successfully rose patients' vaccinations coverage, in fulfillment with recommendations, in 465 (99%) patients. LTBI treatment was administered in 78 (16.7%) patients and caused drug-related adverse events in 9 (11%). A dedicated infectious disease consultation should become a critical tool for coordinating infection prevention strategies

Creatinine clearance after cimetidine administration in a new short procedure: comparison with plasma and renal clearances of iohexol

Abstract Background Creatinine clearance after cimetidine administration (Cim-CreatClr) was once proposed as a method of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement, but has been largely abandoned. We investigated whether a new short procedure for Cim-CreatClr determination could be considered an appropriate method for GFR measurement. Methods A 150-min protocol involving oral cimetidine administration was developed to determine Cim-CreatClr. In total, 168 patients underwent simultaneous assessments of creatinine clearance before and after cimetidine administration [basal creatinine clearance (Basal-CreatClr) and Cim-CreatClr, respectively], renal iohexol clearance and plasma iohexol clearance (R-iohexClr and P-iohexClr, respectively). We compared the agreement between the various methods of GFR measurement, using Bland–Altman plots to determine biases, precisions (standard deviation of the biases) and accuracy (proportions of GFR values falling within 10, 15 and 30% of the mean: P10, P15 and P30, respectively). Results After cimetidine administration, Basal-CreatClr decreased by 19.8% [95% reference limits of agreement (95% LoA): −2.2 to 41.7%]. The bias between Cim-CreatClr and P-iohexClr was −0.6% (95% LoA −26.8 to 28%); the precision was 14.0%; P10, P15 and P30 were 57.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 49.3 to 64.7%], 73.2% (95% CI 65.8 to 79.7%) and 97.0% (95% CI 93.2 to 99.0%), respectively. Due to the positive bias (16.7%; 95% LoA −3.6 to 36.9%) of Cim-CreatClr relative to R-iohexClr, accuracy of Cim-CreatClr relative to R-iohexClr was poor despite a good precision (10.3%). Conclusions Our study shows a high level of agreement between Cim-CreatClr and P-iohexClr. These results suggest that this short Cim-CreatClr procedure is a valid method for GFR measurement, which might be useful, in particular, in situations in which P-iohexClr is not suitable or not available