Les stratégies d’intervention sociopolitique en organisation communautaire : une illustration empirique

Dans leurs luttes, les acteurs collectifs doivent composer avec des phénomènes structurels qui les influencent en partie. La capacité des acteurs collectifs à exercer leur pouvoir d’influence consiste précisément à repérer les opportunités et les contraintes, ainsi qu’à déployer des stratégies susceptibles de contribuer à des gains économiques et politiques, malgré un contexte défavorable et les actions d’opposants. À partir d’une problématique théorique inspirée des théories de l’action collective et de la théorie de la structuration de Giddens, et s’appuyant sur une étude de cas, l’article permet de définir et de valider une variété de stratégies d’intervention sociopolitique que l’on peut regrouper en trois types : interprétatif, institutionnel et organisationnel.In collective action, actors have to cope with structural phenomena, which determine their action, in some way. Actors’ ability to practice empowerment depends largely on their capability to identify opportunities and constraints, and on their capacity to put in practice winning strategies, albeit conditions are against them and opponents are very active. This paper aims to explicit strategies for community organization and social action. The problematic situation relies on theories of collective action, and Giddens’ theory of structuration. The case study leads to identify three types of strategy for intervention: interpretative, institutional, and organizational

Software architecture knowledge for intelligent light maintenance

The maintenance management plays an important role in the monitoring of business activities. It ensures a certain level of services in industrial systems by improving the ability to function in accordance with prescribed procedures. This has a decisive impact on the performance of these systems in terms of operational efficiency, reliability and associated intervention costs. To support the maintenance processes of a wide range of industrial services, a knowledge-based component is useful to perform the intelligent monitoring. In this context we propose a generic model for supporting and generating industrial lights maintenance processes. The modeled intelligent approach involves information structuring and knowledge sharing in the industrial setting and the implementation of specialized maintenance management software in the target information system. As a first step we defined computerized procedures from the conceptual structure of industrial data to ensure their interoperability and effective use of information and communication technologies in the software dedicated to the management of maintenance (E-candela). The second step is the implementation of this software architecture with specification of business rules, especially by organizing taxonomical information of the lighting systems, and applying intelligencebased operations and analysis to capitalize knowledge from maintenance experiences. Finally, the third step is the deployment of the software with contextual adaptation of the user interface to allow the management of operations, editions of the balance sheets and real-time location obtained through geolocation data. In practice, these computational intelligence-based modes of reasoning involve an engineering framework that facilitates the continuous improvement of a comprehensive maintenance regime

Making Peace, building the state. Relations between central government and the Sahelian peripheries in Niger and Mali

On surface, Nigeria and Mali share fairly similar territorial configurations and historical trajectories. Recurring rebellions supported by mainly nomadic groups raise the question of relations between the centre and peripheries in these states. The purpose of this study is to analyse how these states try “peacemaking”, in the absence of “peacebuilding”, resulting in short-term hybrid arrangements that are cobbled together. The study integrates ways to make peace and wage war within a common analytical context

Topographically induced internal solitary waves in a pycnocline: Ultrasonic probes and stereo-correlation measurements

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) are large amplitude stable waves propagating in regions of high density gradients such as the ocean pycnocline. Their dynamics has often been investigated in two-dimensional approaches, however, their three-dimensional evolution is still poorly known. Experiments have been conducted in the large stratified water tank of CNRM-GAME to study the generation of ISWs in two academic configurations inspired by oceanic regimes. First, ultrasonic probes are used to measure the interfacial displacement in the two configurations. In the primary generation case for which the two layers are of constant density, the generation of ISWs is investigated in two series of experiments with varying amplitude and forcing frequency. In the secondary generation case for which the lower layer is stratified, the generation of ISWs from the impact of an internal wave beam on the pycnocline and their subsequent dynamics is studied. The dynamics of ISWs in these two regimes accords well with analytical approaches and numerical simulations performed in analogous configurations. Then, recent developments of a stereo correlation technique are used to describe the three-dimensional structure of propagating ISWs. In the primary generation configuration, small transverse effects are observed in the course of the ISW propagation. In the secondary generation configuration, larger transverse structures are observed in the interfacial waves dynamics. The interaction between interfacial troughs and internal waves propagating in the lower stratified layer are a possible cause for the generation of these structures. The magnitude of these transverse structures is quantified with a nondimensional parameter in the two configurations. They are twice as large in the secondary generation case as in the primary generation case

Estudio transversal del crecimiento infantil y de adolescentes en Ecuador

Child growth is internationally recognized as an important indicator for monitoring health in populations. There exists a wide controversy regarding the use of international growth standards versus local references. This study seeks to construct reference growth curves for school-age Ecuadorian children and adolescents, and to compare them with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, in order to identify the differences and their public health implications. The study authors enrolled 2891 children (1644 girls and 1247 boys) aged 5 to 18 years, from a variety of climatic zones and ethnic groups. LMS method was used to construct Ecuadorian curves for height, weight and Body Mass Index. Comparisons of Ecuadorian and WHO curves were graphically illustrated. U.S children were taller than Ecuadorian children across all age ranges, with larger differences between the two populations in children over 13 years. Consequently, estimates of low height and extremely low height, as well as overweight, obese and undernourished, were significantly different between WHO standards and the Ecuadorian references. Population-specific growth curves may be more adequate for growth monitoring of Ecuadorian children than WHO growth curves. We advocate for the construction of an Ecuadorian growth reference for clinical use based on national population, from conception to maturity, as an accurate instrument for monitoring growth.El crecimiento infantil es reconocido internacionalmente como un indicador importante para monitorear la salud en las poblaciones. Existe una gran controversia con respecto al uso de estándares de crecimiento internacional versus referencias locales. Este estudio busca construir referencias de crecimiento para niños y adolescentes ecuatorianos, y compararlas con los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), para identificar las diferencias y sus implicaciones para la salud pública. Se incluyó 2891 niños (1644 niñas y 1247 niños) de 5 a 18 años de una variedad de zonas climáticas y grupos étnicos. El método LMS se utilizó para construir las curvas ecuatorianas de altura, peso e índice de masa corporal. Las comparaciones de curvas ecuatorianas y de la OMS se ilustraron gráficamente. Los niños de EE. UU., fueron más altos que los niños ecuatorianos en todos los rangos de edad, con mayores diferencias entre las dos poblaciones en niños mayores de 13 años. En consecuencia, las estimaciones de baja altura y altura extremadamente baja, así como sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición, fueron significativamente diferentes entre los estándares de la OMS y las referencias ecuatorianas. Las curvas de crecimiento específicas de la población pueden ser un parámetro de monitoreo del crecimiento para niños ecuatorianos más adecuado que las curvas de crecimiento de la OMS. Abogamos por la construcción de una referencia de crecimiento ecuatoriana para uso clínico basada en la población nacional, desde la concepción hasta la madurez, como un instrumento preciso para monitorear el crecimiento.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin

Estudio transversal del crecimiento infantil y de adolescentes en Ecuador

Child growth is internationally recognized as an important indicator for monitoring health in populations. There exists a wide controversy regarding the use of international growth standards versus local references. This study seeks to construct reference growth curves for school-age Ecuadorian children and adolescents, and to compare them with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, in order to identify the differences and their public health implications. The study authors enrolled 2891 children (1644 girls and 1247 boys) aged 5 to 18 years, from a variety of climatic zones and ethnic groups. LMS method was used to construct Ecuadorian curves for height, weight and Body Mass Index. Comparisons of Ecuadorian and WHO curves were graphically illustrated. U.S children were taller than Ecuadorian children across all age ranges, with larger differences between the two populations in children over 13 years. Consequently, estimates of low height and extremely low height, as well as overweight, obese and undernourished, were significantly different between WHO standards and the Ecuadorian references. Population-specific growth curves may be more adequate for growth monitoring of Ecuadorian children than WHO growth curves. We advocate for the construction of an Ecuadorian growth reference for clinical use based on national population, from conception to maturity, as an accurate instrument for monitoring growth.El crecimiento infantil es reconocido internacionalmente como un indicador importante para monitorear la salud en las poblaciones. Existe una gran controversia con respecto al uso de estándares de crecimiento internacional versus referencias locales. Este estudio busca construir referencias de crecimiento para niños y adolescentes ecuatorianos, y compararlas con los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), para identificar las diferencias y sus implicaciones para la salud pública. Se incluyó 2891 niños (1644 niñas y 1247 niños) de 5 a 18 años de una variedad de zonas climáticas y grupos étnicos. El método LMS se utilizó para construir las curvas ecuatorianas de altura, peso e índice de masa corporal. Las comparaciones de curvas ecuatorianas y de la OMS se ilustraron gráficamente. Los niños de EE. UU., fueron más altos que los niños ecuatorianos en todos los rangos de edad, con mayores diferencias entre las dos poblaciones en niños mayores de 13 años. En consecuencia, las estimaciones de baja altura y altura extremadamente baja, así como sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición, fueron significativamente diferentes entre los estándares de la OMS y las referencias ecuatorianas. Las curvas de crecimiento específicas de la población pueden ser un parámetro de monitoreo del crecimiento para niños ecuatorianos más adecuado que las curvas de crecimiento de la OMS. Abogamos por la construcción de una referencia de crecimiento ecuatoriana para uso clínico basada en la población nacional, desde la concepción hasta la madurez, como un instrumento preciso para monitorear el crecimiento.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin

Estudio transversal del crecimiento infantil y de adolescentes en Ecuador

Child growth is internationally recognized as an important indicator for monitoring health in populations. There exists a wide controversy regarding the use of international growth standards versus local references. This study seeks to construct reference growth curves for school-age Ecuadorian children and adolescents, and to compare them with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, in order to identify the differences and their public health implications. The study authors enrolled 2891 children (1644 girls and 1247 boys) aged 5 to 18 years, from a variety of climatic zones and ethnic groups. LMS method was used to construct Ecuadorian curves for height, weight and Body Mass Index. Comparisons of Ecuadorian and WHO curves were graphically illustrated. U.S children were taller than Ecuadorian children across all age ranges, with larger differences between the two populations in children over 13 years. Consequently, estimates of low height and extremely low height, as well as overweight, obese and undernourished, were significantly different between WHO standards and the Ecuadorian references. Population-specific growth curves may be more adequate for growth monitoring of Ecuadorian children than WHO growth curves. We advocate for the construction of an Ecuadorian growth reference for clinical use based on national population, from conception to maturity, as an accurate instrument for monitoring growth.El crecimiento infantil es reconocido internacionalmente como un indicador importante para monitorear la salud en las poblaciones. Existe una gran controversia con respecto al uso de estándares de crecimiento internacional versus referencias locales. Este estudio busca construir referencias de crecimiento para niños y adolescentes ecuatorianos, y compararlas con los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), para identificar las diferencias y sus implicaciones para la salud pública. Se incluyó 2891 niños (1644 niñas y 1247 niños) de 5 a 18 años de una variedad de zonas climáticas y grupos étnicos. El método LMS se utilizó para construir las curvas ecuatorianas de altura, peso e índice de masa corporal. Las comparaciones de curvas ecuatorianas y de la OMS se ilustraron gráficamente. Los niños de EE. UU., fueron más altos que los niños ecuatorianos en todos los rangos de edad, con mayores diferencias entre las dos poblaciones en niños mayores de 13 años. En consecuencia, las estimaciones de baja altura y altura extremadamente baja, así como sobrepeso, obesidad y desnutrición, fueron significativamente diferentes entre los estándares de la OMS y las referencias ecuatorianas. Las curvas de crecimiento específicas de la población pueden ser un parámetro de monitoreo del crecimiento para niños ecuatorianos más adecuado que las curvas de crecimiento de la OMS. Abogamos por la construcción de una referencia de crecimiento ecuatoriana para uso clínico basada en la población nacional, desde la concepción hasta la madurez, como un instrumento preciso para monitorear el crecimiento.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentin

DÉBAT :

 Martine Berger : L’hypothèse de limiter l’enquête par questionnaires de l’équipe Espace, population, société aux couches moyennes a été pendant un temps envisagée. Nous l’avons finalement écartée. Il faudrait revenir sur cette décision et en tirer les enseignements pour notre propos.  Jacques Brun : La question évoquée permet de mesurer la complexité des interférences entre problèmes de fond et problèmes de méthode, voire de simple technique d’observation et d’analyse, lorsqu’on cherche à é..

DÉBAT :

 Martine Berger : L’hypothèse de limiter l’enquête par questionnaires de l’équipe Espace, population, société aux couches moyennes a été pendant un temps envisagée. Nous l’avons finalement écartée. Il faudrait revenir sur cette décision et en tirer les enseignements pour notre propos.  Jacques Brun : La question évoquée permet de mesurer la complexité des interférences entre problèmes de fond et problèmes de méthode, voire de simple technique d’observation et d’analyse, lorsqu’on cherche à é..