Classification and management of mild head trauma

Mild head trauma had been defined in patients with direct impact or deceleration effect admitted with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13–15. It is one of the most frequent causes of morbidity in emergency medicine. Although common, several controversies persist about its clinical management. In this paper, we describe the Brazilian guidelines for mild head trauma, based on a critical review of the relevant literature

Effects of experimental bleaching agents on the mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels

High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can cause adverse effects on composition and structure of teeth. However, the addition of calcium and fluoride in bleaching agents may reduce enamel demineralization. Objective: To evaluate chemical changes of sound and demineralized enamels submitted to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide containing fluoride (F) or calcium (Ca). Material and Methods: Enamel blocks of bovine incisors with standard dimensions were obtained and half of them were submitted to pH-cycling to promote initial enamel caries lesions. Sound and demineralized enamel samples were divided into (n=10): (C) Control (no whitening treatment); (HP) 35% hydrogen peroxide; and two experimental groups: (HPF) 35% HP+0.2% F and (HPC) 35% HP+0.2% Ca. Experimental groups were submitted to two in-office bleaching sessions and agents were applied 3 times for 15 min to each session. The control group was kept in remineralizing solution at 37°C during the bleaching treatment. The surface mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels was determined through Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Energy dispersive Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-EDXRF); and the subsurface, through cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH). In addition, polarized light microscopy (PLM) images of enamel subsurface were observed. Results: According to three-way (FT-Raman and μ-EDXRF analyses) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (CSMH) and Tukey test (α=5%), the calcium or fluoride added to high-concentrated bleaching agents increased phosphate and carbonate concentrations on sound and demineralized enamels (p<0.05). However, HPC and HPF were unable to completely reverse the subsurface mineral loss promoted by bleaching on sound and demineralized enamels. The calcium/ phosphate (Ca/P) ratio of sound enamel decreased after HP treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even though experimental bleaching agents with Ca or F reduced mineral loss for both sound and demineralized enamel surfaces, these agents were unable to reverse the enamel subsurface demineralization

Desenvolvimento de uma Ferramenta Web para o Cálculo do Preço de Indiferença (PI) entre os Ambientes de Contratação de Energia Elétrica

Observa-se dois ambientes no mercado brasileiro de energia, o Ambiente de Contratação Regulado (ACR) e o Ambiente de Contratação Livre (ACL). No ambiente regulado, os consumidores compram energia de uma concessionária, enquanto que no ambiente livre, contratos de energia são livremente negociados com geradores e comercializadores. Visto que existem consumidores potencialmente livres (no ACR) que desejam migrar para o ACL, é interessante o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta pública que auxilie essa tomada de decisão

Sistema de Gerenciamento de Maratonas

A maratona, considerada de grande importância no atletismo, necessita de adequação às tecnologias atuais. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um software capaz de gerenciar maratonas com uma tecnologia alternativa às utilizadas hoje em dia nas provas desse estilo, o código de barras

LOCALIZAÇÃO DO QUADRO DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE CARGA EM INSTALAÇÕES ELÉTRICAS ATRAVÉS DO CÁLCULO DO CENTRO DE MASSA

O conjunto de informações conceituais importantes, como por exemplo, circuitos elétricos, instalações elétricas, quadro de distribuição, centro de massa e centro de carga foram relatados, de maneiro sucinta, a partir da fundamentação teórica. Aplicações físicas e matemáticas foram introduzidas dentro de um assunto técnico específico da engenharia elétrico de modo que fosse possível alcançar o objetivo desse trabalho, o qual é demonstrar uma aplicação de um determinado assunto abordado na disciplina de cálculo III na engenharia elétrica. A localização do centro de massa foi o assunto escolhido para ser aplicado, todavia fazendo com que a relação matemática utilizada para determinar o cálculo do centro de massa fosse usada para calcular o centro de carga. É nesse contexto de centro de carga que se insere a aplicação do ramo matemático do cálculo III na engenharia elétrica, a qual faz uma utilização dessa ferramenta numérica para localizar um determinado local de uma instalação elétrica. Esse local pode ser de escala residencial por meio da localização do quadro de distribuição, passando pela escala industrial e chegando até em escalas maiores, como por exemplo um local de uma subestação

Phyllosilicates as earth-abundant layered materials for electronics and optoelectronics: Prospects and challenges in their ultrathin limit

Phyllosilicate minerals are an emerging class of naturally occurring layered insulators with large bandgap energy that have gained attention from the scientific community. This class of lamellar materials has been recently explored at the ultrathin two-dimensional level due to their specific mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optoelectronic properties, which are crucial for engineering novel devices (including heterostructures). Due to these properties, phyllosilicates minerals can be considered promising low-cost nanomaterials for future applications. In this Perspective article, we will present relevant features of these materials for their use in potential 2D-based electronic and optoelectronic applications, also discussing some of the major challenges in working with them.Comment: 29 pages, 4 figure

Effect of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Eugenia uniflora on Proteins Global Expression during Morphogenesis in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is able to switch from yeast to hyphal growth and this is an essential step for tissue invasion and establishment of infection. Due to the limited drug arsenal used to treat fungal infections and the constant emergence of resistant strains, it is important to search for new therapeutic candidates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate by proteomic analysis the role of a natural product (Eugenia uniflora) in impairing hypha formation in C. albicans. We also tested the potential action of E. uniflora to prevent and treat oral candidiasis induced in a murine model of oral infection and the ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to phagocytize C. albicans cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract. We found that this fraction greatly reduced hypha formation after morphogenesis induction in the presence of serum. Besides, several proteins were differentially expressed in cells treated with the fraction. Surprisingly, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced phagocytosis in C. albicans (Mean 120.36 ± 36.71 yeasts/100 PMNs vs. 44.68 ± 19.84 yeasts/100 PMNs). Oral candidiasis was attenuated when C. albicans cells were either pre-incubated in the presence of E. uniflora or when the fraction was applied to the surface of the oral cavity after infection. These results were consistent with the reduction in CFU counts (2.36 vs. 1.85 Log10 CFU/ml) and attenuation of tissue damage observed with histopathological analysis of animals belonging to treated group. We also observed shorter true hyphae by direct examination and histopathological analysis, when cells were treated with the referred natural product. The E. uniflora ethyl acetate fraction was non-toxic to human cells. E. uniflora may act on essential proteins mainly related to cellular structure, reducing the capacity of filamentation and attenuating infection in a murine model, without causing any toxic effect on human cells, suggesting that it may be a future therapeutic alternative for the treatment of Candida infections