Produ??o de ?steres met?licos a partir de gordura residual de frango

The decrease in fossil fuel reserves and their adverse environmental effects motivate the production of biofuels such as biodiesel. Animal fats residues, generated by agro-processing industries in large quantities, are a convenient raw material for conversion to alkyl esters (biodiesel). This research aimed to produce methyl esters from residual chicken fat by chemical (NaOH) and enzymatic catalysis (NS-40116 - liquid formulation of the modified Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase). The variables "fat/methanol molar ratio" and "catalyst percentage" for the chemical route and "fat/methanol molar ratio", "water percentage" and "temperature" for the enzymatic route were evaluated. For the chemical catalysis the fat was previously treated to decrease the acidity and promoted the highest conversion in ester (73%) with 1% catalyst and 1/5 fat/methanol molar ratio. The enzymatic catalysis (0.3 wt% enzyme) presented the most efficient condition at 35?C, 2 wt% water and 1/4 fat/methanol molar ratio, yielding 56% in ester. For this condition, a purification of the obtained esters was carried out which significantly increased the yield to 99.99%. Therefore, the residual chicken fat is a suitable raw material for biodiesel production.O decr?scimo das reservas dos combust?veis f?sseis e os seus efeitos ambientais adversos motivam a produ??o de biocombust?veis como o biodiesel. Os res?duos de gorduras animais, gerados pelas agroind?strias de processamento de carnes em grandes quantidades, s?o mat?rias-primas convenientes para a convers?o a alquil ?steres (biodiesel). Este estudo objetivou produzir ?steres met?licos utilizando gordura residual de frango atrav?s da cat?lise qu?mica (NaOH) e enzim?tica (NS-40116 ? formula??o l?quida da lipase modificada Thermomyces lanuginosus). Avaliaram-se as vari?veis ?raz?o molar gordura/metanol? e ?percentual de catalisador? para a rota qu?mica e ?raz?o molar gordura/metanol?, ?percentual de ?gua? e ?temperatura? para a enzim?tica. Para a cat?lise qu?mica a gordura foi previamente tratada para diminuir a acidez e promoveu a maior convers?o em ?ster (73%) com 1% de catalisador (m/m) e raz?o molar gordura/metanol de 1/5 a 80?C e 150 rpm. A cat?lise enzim?tica (0,3% de enzima m/m e 200 rpm) apresentou a condi??o mais eficiente quando empregado 2% de ?gua (m/m), 35?C, e raz?o molar gordura/metanol de 1/4, produzindo rendimentos em ?ster de 56%. Para essa condi??o realizou-se uma purifica??o dos ?steres obtidos, elevando o rendimento para 99,99%. Desse modo, a gordura residual de frango demonstrou ser uma mat?ria-prima adequada para a produ??o de biodiesel

Lignin from pine (Pinus spp.) residual sawdust : characterization, antioxidant activities and application in the synthesis of silver nanoparticules

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Adenise Lorenci WoiciechowskiCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Ricardo SoccolAutor não autorizou a divulgação do arquivo digitalDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia. Defesa : Curitiba, 22/02/2019Inclui referênciasResumo:Abstract

Determination of the water quality index in two rural properties in the Municipality of Guatambu-SC/ Determinação do índice de qualidade da água em duas propriedades rurais no Município de Guatambu-SC

Knowing the quality of water resources is fundamental to guarantee its different functions in the environment. In this sense, this study highlighted the relationship between land use and occupation with water quality, since the objective was to assess water quality in two rural properties in the municipality of Guatambu in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Five points for analysis and their geographic coordinates were demarcated in each property using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and inserted into the Quantum GIS (QGIS) software for spatial assessment. For the water quality analysis of each point, the following parameters were determined: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, color, turbidity, alkalinity, chlorides and biochemical oxygen demand. According to these results, the Bascarán surface water quality index (SWQIB) was estimated. As demonstrated by the results, both properties presented an SWQIB ranging from “medium” to “good”. However, when comparing the points intended for human consumption with the Brazilian Decree 2,914 of December 2011, it was found that the color and turbidity parameters were in disagreement in some cases. However, these two parameters can easily vary. In addition, it was noted that points classified with SWQIB "good" have a better protection area when compared to points classified with SWQIB "medium".

A INFLUÊNCIA DA NITRETAÇÃO A PLASMA NO AÇO AISI D6.

Os aços ferramentas para trabalho a frio, como o aço AISI D6 são muito utilizados na indústria para conformação e corte de peças. A nitretação promove o aumento da vida útil do e resistência ao desgaste. Neste trabalho foi abordado o estudo comparativo entre o as amostra revenidas e nitretadas. O processo de nitretação foi realizado em duas amostras a 350°C e foi variado o tempo entre 3 e 4 horas. Foi realizado o ensaio de microdureza superficial HV, dureza superficial HRC, rugosidade superficial Ra, e medição de camada branca e zona de difusão. Os resultados apresentam conformidade com a literatura

Determination of the water quality index in two rural properties in the Municipality of Guatambu-SC/ Determinação do índice de qualidade da água em duas propriedades rurais no Município de Guatambu-SC

Knowing the quality of water resources is fundamental to guarantee its different functions in the environment. In this sense, this study highlighted the relationship between land use and occupation with water quality, since the objective was to assess water quality in two rural properties in the municipality of Guatambu in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Five points for analysis and their geographic coordinates were demarcated in each property using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and inserted into the Quantum GIS (QGIS) software for spatial assessment. For the water quality analysis of each point, the following parameters were determined: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, color, turbidity, alkalinity, chlorides and biochemical oxygen demand. According to these results, the Bascarán surface water quality index (SWQIB) was estimated. As demonstrated by the results, both properties presented an SWQIB ranging from “medium” to “good”. However, when comparing the points intended for human consumption with the Brazilian Decree 2,914 of December 2011, it was found that the color and turbidity parameters were in disagreement in some cases. However, these two parameters can easily vary. In addition, it was noted that points classified with SWQIB "good" have a better protection area when compared to points classified with SWQIB "medium". </jats:p

CARACTERIZAÇÃO METALOGRÁFICA DO AÇO FERRAMENTAAISI D6 NITRETADO A PLASMA

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ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA ENTRE CONSTITUINTES M-A IDENTIFICADOS POR MICROSCOPIA ÓPTICA E MICROSCOPIA ELETRÔNICA DE VARREDURA

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Biochar: From Laboratory to Industry Scale&mdash;An Overview of Scientific and Industrial Advances, Opportunities in the Brazilian Context, and Contributions to Sustainable Development

Waste treatment and valorization have become crucial for sustainable development towards a circular economy. As an alternative, biochar production is a promising process to convert wastes into a valuable product that presents several potential applications to cope with environmental problems. Biochar in recent years has been the subject of many studies, which have leveraged the number of patents and the industrial interest in this process. Against this background, this overview aimed: (i) to identify the advances in biochar research; (ii) to assess the number of patents on biochar over the years; (iii) to look at the industrial production of biochar worldwide; (iv) to detect the potential for biochar production in Brazil regarding waste biomass availability; and (v) to discuss the potential of biochar in contributing to reach some Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The holistic analysis presented here suggests that progress has been made in research, patent development, and industrial implementation of biochar, and that its potential role in achieving certain SDGs is noteworthy. Therefore, this overview can be useful in guiding future research about biochar to improve the knowledge of the different branches in this field

Production of Solid Recovered Fuel from the Rejected Fraction of Recyclable Materials from Waste Picker Cooperatives: A Case Study in Brazil

This study evaluated the feasibility of producing solid recovered fuel (SRF) from rejected waste from waste picker cooperatives (WPC). Three scenarios using different SRF and petroleum coke proportions in cement kilns were assessed. The samples of rejected waste from WPC were obtained in the city of Florian&oacute;polis, Brazil, and their physical and chemical characteristics were determined. Furthermore, the avoided atmospheric emissions by replacing conventional cement fuel with SRF and the costs to implement a SRF facility were estimated. According to the results, 60.29% of the waste from WPC could be used for energy recovery. Out of the materials eligible to produce SRF, 75.26% are made up of plastic packaging and paper. Concerning atmospheric emissions, replacing petroleum coke with SRF for direct feeding into the clinker kiln contributed to a reduction of 4.83%, 14.73%, and 13.37% in the atmospheric emissions for Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3, respectively. Furthermore, considering two hypothetical SRF industrial plants with capacities of 522 and 720 t/day, each ton of SRF produced would cost about USD 6.00, representing a decrease of 35 times in the costs when compared to petroleum coke. Therefore, SRF from the rejected fraction of WPC could be an alternative waste-to-energy approach