Gruss inequality for some types of positive linear maps

Assuming a unitarily invariant norm $|||\cdot|||$ is given on a two-sided ideal of bounded linear operators acting on a separable Hilbert space, it induces some unitarily invariant norms $|||\cdot|||$ on matrix algebras $\mathcal{M}_n$ for all finite values of $n$ via $|||A|||=|||A\oplus 0|||$. We show that if $\mathscr{A}$ is a $C^*$-algebra of finite dimension $k$ and $\Phi: \mathscr{A} \to \mathcal{M}_n$ is a unital completely positive map, then \begin{equation*} |||\Phi(AB)-\Phi(A)\Phi(B)||| \leq \frac{1}{4} |||I_{n}|||\,|||I_{kn}||| d_A d_B \end{equation*} for any $A,B \in \mathscr{A}$, where $d_X$ denotes the diameter of the unitary orbit \{UXU^*: U \mbox{ is unitary}\} of $X$ and $I_{m}$ stands for the identity of $\mathcal{M}_{m}$. Further we get an analogous inequality for certain $n$-positive maps in the setting of full matrix algebras by using some matrix tricks. We also give a Gr\"uss operator inequality in the setting of $C^*$-algebras of arbitrary dimension and apply it to some inequalities involving continuous fields of operators.Comment: 17 pages, to appear in J. Operator Theory (JOT

Minor Loops in Major Folds: Enhancer-Promoter Looping, Chromatin Restructuring, and Their Association with Transcriptional Regulation and Disease.

The organization and folding of chromatin within the nucleus can determine the outcome of gene expression. Recent technological advancements have enabled us to study chromatin interactions in a genome-wide manner at high resolution. These studies have increased our understanding of the hierarchy and dynamics of chromatin domains that facilitate cognate enhancer-promoter looping, defining the transcriptional program of different cell types. In this review, we focus on vertebrate chromatin long-range interactions as they relate to transcriptional regulation. In addition, we describe how the alteration of boundaries that mark discrete regions in the genome with high interaction frequencies within them, called topological associated domains (TADs), could lead to various phenotypes, including human diseases, which we term as "TADopathies.

Investigation in optimisation of accuracy with non-contact systems by influencing variable processes

The use of 3D scanning systems is becoming increasingly popular and an essential tool for manufacturers for inspection and measurement. With such systems being utilised on the manufacturing shop floor due to their portability and ease of use, it is no doubt that such systems are designed to address a variety of users whom, with minimal training can operate the equipment. Due to continuing demands of high-quality products there is the need for manufacturers of 3D scanning systems to develop technologies that deliver fast and accurate information. However, one of the key challenges lies not in the training of people to use the equipment, but to develop engineers who can produce traceable, accurate and precise results with a declared statement of confidence quantifying the quality of the measurement. This statement of the quality of the output results relies on employing a set of workflow actions that involve planning, capture, processing and analysis, and finally output. This paper sets out to show how the results from a set of workflow actions from different categories of 3D scanning devices affects the quality of output

Laterally unrestrained bearing strength of hot-wet conditioned pultruded FRP material

Presented in this paper are test results of a study pertaining to the reduction in bearing strength due to the effect of hot-wet conditioning on specimens cut from a polyester matrix based pultruded FRP structural shape. A total of 100 coupons (for 20 batches of five) were immersed in distilled water for three and six months at a constant temperature of 40°C. Subsequently, they were load tested using stainless steel ‘pins’ of M10 and M20 sizes with material orientations of 0o, 45o and 90o to the direction of pultrusion. Furthermore, this test series considered the effect of loading with and without bolt thread in the bearing zone. Testing employed a non-standard set-up that accommodates smaller test coupons, allowing material to be sourced from the web and flange of a 254×254×9.53 mm wide flange shape. An evaluation of the salient results provides characteristic bearing strength values (in accordance with Annex D of EN1990) and comparisons are drawn between equivalent strengths for non-aged (zero months) material from a previous test series. The degree of strength reduction is found to be influenced by both the ‘pin’ size and type, and observations are drawn towards the safe and reliable design of bolted connections

Long-term follow up of intractable chronic short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache disorders treated with occipital nerve stimulation

BACKGROUND: Occipital nerve stimulation is a potential treatment option for medically intractable short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks. We present long-term outcomes in 31 patients with short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks treated with occipital nerve stimulation in an uncontrolled open-label prospective study. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with intractable short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks were treated with bilateral occipital nerve stimulation from 2007 to 2015. Data on attack characteristics, quality of life, disability and adverse events were collected. Primary endpoint was change in mean daily attack frequency at final follow-up. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 44.9 months (range 13-89) there was a 69% improvement in attack frequency with a response rate (defined as at least a 50% improvement in daily attack frequency) of 77%. Attack severity reduced by 4.7 points on the verbal rating scale and attack duration by a mean of 64%. Improvements were seen in headache-related disability and depression. Adverse event rates were favorable, with no electrode migration or erosion reported. CONCLUSION: Occipital nerve stimulation appears to offer a safe and efficacious treatment for refractory short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with significant improvements sustained in the long term. The procedure has a low adverse event rate when conducted in highly specialised units

The effect of graphene-poly(methyl methacrylate) fibres on microbial growth

A novel class of ultra-thin fibres, which affect microbial growth, were explored. The microbial properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) fibres containing 2, 4 and 8 wt% of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were studied. GNPs were dispersed in a polymeric solution and processed using pressurized gyration. Electron microscopy was used to characterize GNP and fibre morphology. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of beaded porous fibres. GNP concentration was found to dictate fibre morphology. As the GNP concentration increased, the average fibre diameter increased from 0.75 to 2.71 mm, while fibre porosity decreased. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to investigate the properties of 2, 4 and 8 wt% GNP-loaded fibres. GNP-loaded fibres (0 wt%) were used as the negative control. The fibres were incubated for 24 h with the bacteria; bacterial colony-forming units were enumerated by adopting the colony-counting method. The presence of 2 and 4 wt% GNP-loaded fibres promoted microbial growth, while 8 wt% GNP-loaded fibres showed antimicrobial activity. These results indicate that the minimum inhibitory concentration of GNPs required within a fibre is 8 wt%

OnabotulinumtoxinA for hemicrania continua: open label experience in 9 patients

BACKGROUND: Hemicrania continua is a strictly unilateral, continuous headache, typically mild to moderate in severity, with severe exacerbations commonly accompanied by cranial autonomic features and migrainous symptoms. It is exquisitely responsive to Indomethacin. However, some patients cannot tolerate treatment, often due to gastrointestinal side effects. Therapeutic alternatives are limited and controlled evidence lacking. METHODS: We present our experience of nine patients treated with OnabotulinumtoxinA for hemicrania continua. All patients were injected using the PREEMPT (Phase 3 REsearch Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy) protocol for migraine. RESULTS: Five of nine patients demonstrated a 50% or more reduction in moderate to severe headache days with OnabotulinumtoxinA with a median reduction in moderate to severe headache days of 80%. Patient estimate of response was 80% or more in five subjects. The median and mean duration of response in the five responders was 11 and 12 weeks (range 6-20 weeks). Improvements were also seen in headache-associated disability CONCLUSIONS: OnabotulinumtoxinA adds a potential option to the limited therapeutic alternatives available in hemicrania continua

Poor Survivorship and Frequent Complications at a Median of 10 Years After Metal-on-Metal Hip Resurfacing Revision

Background: High short-term failure rates have been reported for several metal-on-metal hip resurfacing (MoMHR) designs. Early observations suggested that MoMHRs revised to total hip arthroplasties (THAs) for pseudotumor had more major complications and inferior patient-reported outcomes compared with other revision indications. However, little is known about implant survivorship and patient-reported outcomes at more than 5 years after MoMHR revision.Questions/purposes: (1) What are the implant survivorship, proportion of complications and abnormal radiological findings, and patient-reported outcomes at a median of 10 years after MoMHR revision surgery? (2) Are survivorship, complications, and patient-reported outcomes influenced by revision indication? (3) Do any other factors predict survivorship, complications, and patient-reported outcomes?Methods: Between 1999 and 2008, 53 MoMHR revision procedures in 51 patients (mean age, 55 years; 62% female) were performed at one center and were all included in this retrospective study. Two patients (4%) were lost to followup and two patients (4%) died before a minimum followup of 7 years (median, 10.3 years; range 7–15 years). Revision indications included pseudotumor (n = 16), femoral neck fracture (n = 21), and other causes (n = 16). In most cases (62%, n = 33) both components were revised to a non-MoM bearing THA with the remainder (38%, n = 20: fracture, loosening, or head collapse) undergoing femoral-only revision to a large-diameter MoM THA. Postrevision complications, rerevision, Oxford Hip Score (OHS), and UCLA score were determined using both a longitudinally maintained institutional database and postal questionnaire. Implant survivorship was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method (endpoint was rerevision surgery). Radiographs at latest followup were systematically assessed for any signs of failure (loosening, migration, osteolysis) by one observer blinded to all clinical information and not involved in the revision procedures.Results: Overall, 45% (24 of 53) experienced complications and 38% (20 of 53) underwent rerevision. Ten-year survival free from rerevision for revised MoMHRs was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI], 48%–74%). Revision indications were not associated with differences in the frequency of complications or repeat revisions. With the numbers available, 10-year survival free from rerevision for pseudotumor revisions (56%; 95% CI, 30%–76%) was not different from the fracture (68%; 95% CI, 42%–85%; p = 0.359) and other groups (63%; 95% CI, 35%–81%; p = 0.478). Pseudotumor revisions had inferior OHSs (median, 21; range, 2–46; p = 0.007) and UCLA scores (median, 2; range, 2–7; p = 0.0184) compared with fracture and other revisions. Ten-year survival free from rerevision after femoral-only revision using another large-diameter MoM bearing was lower (p = 0.0498) compared with all component revisions using non-MoM bearings. After controlling for potential confounding variables such as age, sex, and revision indication, we found femoral-only revision as the only factor predicting rerevision (hazard ratio, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.1–29; p = 0.040).Conclusions: Poor implant survivorship and frequent complications were observed at a median of 10 years after MoMHR revision. However, patients undergoing femoral-only revisions with large-diameter MoM bearings had the worst survivorship, whereas patients revised for pseudotumor had the most inferior patient-reported outcomes. Our findings suggest these two patient subgroups require regular surveillance after MoMHR revision

Genomic and epigenomic mapping of leptin-responsive neuronal populations involved in body weight regulation.

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) in obesity have identified a large number of noncoding loci located near genes expressed in the central nervous system. However, due to the difficulties in isolating and characterizing specific neuronal subpopulations, few obesity-associated SNPs have been functionally characterized. Leptin responsive neurons in the hypothalamus are essential in controlling energy homeostasis and body weight. Here, we combine FACS-sorting of leptin-responsive hypothalamic neuron nuclei with genomic and epigenomic approaches (RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq) to generate a comprehensive map of leptin-response specific regulatory elements, several of which overlap obesity-associated GWAS variants. We demonstrate the usefulness of our leptin-response neuron regulome, by functionally characterizing a novel enhancer near Socs3, a leptin response-associated transcription factor. We envision our data to serve as a useful resource and a blueprint for functionally characterizing obesity-associated SNPs in the hypothalamus