Accounting for Federalism in State Courts - Exclusion of Evidence Obtained Lawfully By Federal Agents

After the terrorist attacks on September 11th, Congress greatly enhanced federal law enforcement powers through enactment of the U.S.A. Patriot Act. The Supreme Court also has provided more leeway to federal officers in the past few decades, for example by limiting the scope of the exclusionary rule. At the same time, many states have interpreted their constitutions to provide greater individual protections to their citizens than provided by the federal constitution. This phenomenon has sometimes created a wide disparity between the investigatory techniques available to federal versus state law enforcement officers. As a result, state courts sometimes must decide whether to suppress evidence obtained legally by federal law enforcement officers but in violation of state law. In deciding these cases the states usually rely on a state evidentiary basis ignoring federalism concerns. This article proposes a framework by which state courts may suppress this evidence while recognizing notions of federalism

Temporal Dynamics of the Mixed Magnetic Phase of B2-Ordered FeRh

B2-ordered FeRh undergoes a first-order metamagnetic transition from an antiferromagnet (AF) to a ferromagnet (FM) upon heating. Thin films of B2-ordered FeRh are grown using DC magnetron sputtering and characterized for their behaviour at GHz frequencies and their dynamic behaviour over hour timescales. Ferromagnetic resonance investigations reveal a change in the spectroscopic splitting factor, g, through the range of the transition probed here. By introducing a model that describes the development of the two magnetic phases through the transition, this change in g is shown to be consistent with the development of an exchange coupling across the magnetic phase boundary that induces a non-zero magnetic moment in the AF phase as the result of a thickness dependent phase transition in the AF layer. The influence of such a phase transition is also seen in the extracted value of the Gilbert damping parameter in this experiment. Spin-wave resonance measurements are then performed to try and conclusively measure the exchange coupling between the two magnetic states in FeRh. Measuring the exchange stiffness through the transition reveals that the AF phase has a non-zero exchange energy that varies through the measurement range probed here. The behaviour of the exchange stiffness in the AF layer is attributed to a combination of both the onset of the exchange coupling and the presence of evanescent spin-waves, both of which are consequences of the thickness dependent phase transition in the AF layer. It was then shown that the structure of both magnetic phases could be measured directly with X-Ray Magnetic Dichroism using both linearly and circularly polarized light. The objects measured in these experiments are then characterized for their dynamic properties using X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. These studies reveal reveal that the dynamic behaviour of the system is dependent on the type of magnetic dichroism used to probe it. This study also shows it is possible use x-ray magnetic linear dichroism to directly measure the structural and dynamic behaviour of AF materials

Observations of radicals in the atmosphere: measurement validation and model comparisons

Comparisons of the levels of radicals observed during field campaigns to the results of detailed chemical box models serve as a vital tool to assess our understanding of the underlying chemical mechanisms involved in tropospheric oxidation. Recent measurements of OH radicals are significantly higher than those predicted by models in certain environments, especially those at low NOx influenced by high emissions of biogenic compounds. Other studies have suggested that fluorescence assay by gas expansion (FAGE) instruments may be susceptible to an unknown interference in the measurement of OH. The interference hypothesis can be tested through the implementation of an alternative method to determine the OH background signal, whereby OH is removed by the addition of a chemical scavenger prior to sampling by FAGE (known as OHchem). The more established method to determine the background is to move the laser excitation wavelength to a value where OH does not absorb (OHwave). The Leeds FAGE instrument was modified to facilitate OHchem by the construction of an inlet pre-injector (IPI), where OH is removed through reaction with propane. Following optimisation, the modified instrument was deployed at a coastal location in Norfolk, England during summer 2015 as part of the ICOZA (Integrated Chemistry of OZone in the Atmosphere) campaign, and in the highly polluted megacity, Beijing, in winter 2016 and summer 2017 as part of the AIRPRO (An Integrated Study of AIR Pollution PROcesses in Beijing) project. An automated analysis procedure was written in IGOR to facilitate data workup and to provide quality assurance and control, ensuring valid comparisons of the two OH measurements, and between observed and simulated radical concentrations. The IPI was characterised in terms of sensitivity (virtually identical to traditional FAGE sampling) and scavenging efficiency (>99% removal). For all three field campaigns, measurements of OH made using the alternative background technique were in very good agreement with the traditional method, with intercomparison slopes (OHwave vs OHchem) of 1.05–1.16, providing confidence in previous measurements of OH made using the Leeds FAGE instrument. However, a significant interference was observed at night during the ICOZA campaign, accounting for ~40% of the total OHwave signal on average, although the chemical identity of the species responsible could not be determined. The ICOZA measurements were compared to radical levels predicted using the explicit Master Chemical Mechanism. For a model constrained to HO2, OH concentrations were in agreement with FAGE observations to within instrumental uncertainty (~26%) during the daytime, for which the rate of OH production from the photolysis of HONO was equal to that from the reaction of O(1D) with water vapour. However, OH levels were underpredicted by approximately a factor of ~3 at night, which cannot be explained by OH measurement interferences alone. In contrast, HO2 observations were overestimated by ~40% during the daytime and significant concentrations were also observed at night (~2–3 × 107 molecule cm-3), which were underpredicted by up to an order of magnitude. The daytime HO2 discrepancy was most severe at low NO levels, with measurement-to-model ratios of <0.5 for NO mixing ratios below 0.1 ppbv. Total organic peroxy radical (RO2) concentrations were also measured during ICOZA, representing one of the first few FAGE datasets of RO2. Severe measurement-model discrepancies were found for both day and nighttime periods, with RO2 concentrations underpredicted by a factor of ~9 on average. In contrast to HO2, the model could capture daytime RO2 observations reasonably well at low NO but the discrepancy was most severe in the high NO regime, reaching a factor of ~20 for NO levels above 3 ppbv. This result is consistent with previous studies and suggests that our understanding of atmospheric oxidation chemistry under high NOx conditions is incomplete

Collaboration Engineering: Foundations and Opportunities: Editorial to the Special Issue on the Journal of the Association of Information Systems

Collaboration is a critical phenomenon in organizational life. Collaboration is necessary yet many organizations struggle to make it work. The field of IS has devoted much effort to understanding how technologies can improve the productivity of collaborative work. Over the past decade, the field of Collaboration Engineering has emerged as a focal point for research on designing and deploying collaboration processes that are recurring in nature and that are executed by practitioners in organizations rather than collaboration professionals. In Collaboration Engineering, researchers do not study a collaboration technology in isolation. Rather, they study collaborative work practices that can be supported on different technological platforms. In this editorial, we discuss the field of Collaboration Engineering in terms of its foundations, its approach to designing and deploying collaboration processes, and its modeling techniques. We conclude with a Collaboration Engineering research agenda for the coming decade

Forage crop irrigation systems and economics (2013)

"Agriculture."Irrigation presents an opportunity for Missouri forage producers to mitigate production risk from drought. This guide explores three areas to consider before choosing a forage irrigation system: expected forage response, equipment options and the economics of irrigating forage.New 11/13/Web

Driver Advocate™ Tool

Using scenario driven research, a Driver AdvocateTM (DA) [1] system has been designed to advise the driver about potentially unsafe situations based on information from environmental sensors [2]. DA is an intelligent dynamic system that monitors, senses, prioritizes, personalizes, and sends alerts to the driver appropriate to the moment. This has the potential to sharply decrease driver distraction and inattention. To support the realization of DA, a DA Tool (DAT) has been developed to coordinate with a KQ (previously Hyperion) virtual driving simulator and allow the merging of the simulated driving performance, the enviormental sensors, and the intelligent use of audio, visual, and tactile feedback to alert the driver to potential danger and unsafe driving behavior. DAT monitors the traffic, lane following, forward and side clearances, vehicle condition, cockpit distractions, Infotainment use, and the driver affective behavior. The DAT is designed to be highly configurable, flexible, and user friendly to facilitate creative freedom in designing usability and human factors experiments and rapid prototyping

Matroids and Quantum Secret Sharing Schemes

A secret sharing scheme is a cryptographic protocol to distribute a secret state in an encoded form among a group of players such that only authorized subsets of the players can reconstruct the secret. Classically, efficient secret sharing schemes have been shown to be induced by matroids. Furthermore, access structures of such schemes can be characterized by an excluded minor relation. No such relations are known for quantum secret sharing schemes. In this paper we take the first steps toward a matroidal characterization of quantum secret sharing schemes. In addition to providing a new perspective on quantum secret sharing schemes, this characterization has important benefits. While previous work has shown how to construct quantum secret sharing schemes for general access structures, these schemes are not claimed to be efficient. In this context the present results prove to be useful; they enable us to construct efficient quantum secret sharing schemes for many general access structures. More precisely, we show that an identically self-dual matroid that is representable over a finite field induces a pure state quantum secret sharing scheme with information rate one