Stellenwert der nichtmyeloablativen Stammzelltransplantation und adoptiven Immuntherapie bei akuten Leukämien und refraktären Nierenzellkarzinomen

Unsere Untersuchungen belegen, dass nichtmyeloablative Stammzelltransplantationen (NST) bei Patienten mit Hochrisiko-ALL oder -AML eine neue therapeutische Option darstellen. Die NST ermöglichte eine allogene Stammzelltransplantation bei Transplantationskandidaten mit Kontraindikationen gegen eine hochdosierte Strahlen- und Chemotherapie (Standardtransplantation). Nach NST kam es häufig zur Entwicklung von Infektionen und einer spät auftretenden akuten Transplantat-gegen-Wirt Reaktion (GvHD), diese waren aber mit einer geringeren Mortalität verbunden. Das erkrankungsfreie Überleben und das Gesamt-Überleben nach NST und nach Standardtransplantation waren fast gleich. Der höheren Rezidivrate nach NST stand eine höhere transplantationsassoziierte Mortalität nach Standardtransplantation gegenüber. Das Konditionierungsregime selber war ohne Einfluss auf das Überleben der Patienten. Sequenzielle Chimärismusuntersuchungen von Leukozytensubpopulationen erlaubten eine frühe Diagnose eines gemischten Chimärismus, der einen prädiktiven Wert für das Auftreten eines Rezidivs hatte. Ein stabiler gemischter Chimärismus wurde nicht beobachtet. Durch eine adoptive Immuntherapie mit Spenderlymphozyten (DLI) konnte bei der Mehrzahl der transplantierten Patienten mit gemischtem Chimärismus eine Chimärismuskonversion und eine lang anhaltende komplette Remission induziert werden, ein wichtiger Hinweis auf einen Transplantat-gegen-Leukämie Effekt (GvL) der Spenderzellen. Durch die NST rückt der immunologische Effekt der Transplantation gegenüber der Zytoreduktion bei der Standardtransplantation stärker in den Vordergrund. Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen für die Wirksamkeit eines GvL-Effektes bei akuten Leukämien auch nach NST. Die Erfahrungen mit der NST bei akuten Leukämien haben zu einer Anwendung bei refraktären Nierenzellkarzinomen geführt. Eine Tumorregression wurde erst nach Chimärismuskonversion und/oder Entwicklung einer GvHD beobachtet; diese Befunde sind vereinbar mit einem Transplantat-gegen-Tumor Effekt (GvT). Die transplantationsassoziierte Morbidität war allerdings bei diesen meist älteren Patienten erheblich. Die Therapie sollte ausschließlich im Rahmen klinischer Studien erfolgen, da es sich nach wie vor um ein experimentelles Therapieverfahren handelt. Die Analyse minimal residueller Erkrankung und der Einsatz hochauflösender Chimärismusuntersuchungen von Leukozytensubpopulationen sollte die Bedeutung des gemischten Chimärismus weiter klären und zu einem gezielteren Einsatz von DLI führen. Prospektive vergleichende Studien müssen in naher Zukunft den Stellenwert der NST untersuchen.Our clinical investigations demonstrate, that nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) is a novel therapeutic option in patients with high-risk ALL or AML. NST can be administered to patients eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation with contraindications against high-dose radio- and chemotherapy (standard SCT). After NST, infections and late onset acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) frequently occurred, but transplant-related mortality was low in contrast to standard SCT. Leukemia-free survival and overall survival were similar after NST and standard SCT. A higher relapse rate after NST was balanced by a higher transplant-related mortality after standard SCT. The conditioning regimen itself had no relevant impact on survival. Sequential chimerism analyses of leukocyte subpopulations resulted in early diagnosis of mixed chimerism, which proved to be predictive for later relapses. Stable mixed chimerism was not established in these patients. Adoptive immunotherapy in patients, who were in hematologic remission but had mixed chimerism after transplantation, induced conversion to complete donor chimerism and long-lasting complete remissions in the majority of patients, a strong hint to a graft-versus-leukemia-effect (GvL) of donor T-lymphocyte infusions. A change in the character of stem cell transplantation was achieved by NST with a shift from the predominantly cytoreductive effect of standard SCT towards an emphasis on the immunologic GvL-effect. Our results demonstrated the efficacy of a GvL-effect in acute leukemias after NST. The experiences with NST in acute leukemias have prompted studies in patients with refractory advanced renal cell cancer. Tumor regressions were observed only after chimerism conversion and / or development of GvHD, these results being compatible with a graft-versus-tumor effect (GvT). However, transplant-related morbidity was substantial in these mostly elderly patients. Therapy within clinical studies is mandatory, because allogeneic stem cell transplantation still has to be regarded an experimental procedure in these patients. The analysis of minimal residual disease and application of high-resolution chimerism analysis of leukocyte subpopulations by microarrays could lead to a more profound understanding of mixed chimerism and to a more rational use of DLI in the near future. Prospective randomized trials should be conducted to evaluate the role of NST

Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with solid tumours and haematological malignancies-update of the Guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)

Reactivation of viral infections is common in patients with solid tumour or haematological malignancy. Incidence and severity depend on the extent of cellular immunosuppression. Antiviral prophylaxis may be effective to prevent viral reactivation. In 2006, the Infectious Diseases Working Party of German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO) published guidelines for antiviral prophylaxis in these patient populations. Here, we present an update of these guidelines for patients with solid and haematological malignancies undergoing antineoplastic treatment but not allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Relevant literature for reactivation of different viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and respiratory viruses) is discussed to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians taking care of this patient population. We recommend a risk-adapted approach with (val)acyclovir against HSV and VZV in patients treated with alemtuzumab, bortezomib or purine analogues. Seasonal vaccination against influenza is recommended for all patients with solid or haematological malignancies regardless of antineoplastic therapy. Hepatitis B screening is recommended in lymphoproliferative disorders, acute leukaemia, and breast cancer, and during treatment with monoclonal anti-B-cell antibodies, anthracyclines, steroids and in autologous stem cell transplantation. In those with a history of hepatitis B prophylactic lamivudine, entecavir or nucleotide analogues as adefovir are recommended to prevent reactivation

Consensus Conference: A reappraisal of Gaucher disease - diagnosis and disease management algorithms

6 p.Type 1 (non neuronopathic) Gaucher disease was the first lysosomal storage disorder for which an effective enzyme replacement therapy was developed and it has become a prototype for treatments for related orphan diseases. There are currently four treatment options available to patients with Gaucher disease, nevertheless, almost 25% of type 1 Gaucher patients do not gain timely access to therapy because of delays in diagnosis after the onset of symptoms. Diagnosis of Gaucher disease by enzyme testing is unequivocal, but the rarity of the disease and non-specific and heterogeneous nature of Gaucher disease symptoms may impede consideration of this disease in the differential diagnosis. To help promote timely diagnosis and optimal management of the protean presentations of Gaucher disease, a consensus meeting was convened to develop algorithms for diagnosis and disease management for Gaucher disease

Investigating rare haematological disorders : a celebration of 10 years of the Sherlock Holmes Symposia

National audienc

Sequential high-dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone (S-HAM) versus standard double induction in acute myeloid leukemia—a phase 3 study

Dose-dense induction with the S-HAM regimen was compared to standard double induction therapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Patients were centrally randomized (1:1) between S-HAM (2nd chemotherapy cycle starting on day 8 - dose-dense) and double induction with TAD-HAM or HAM(-HAM) (2nd cycle starting on day 21 - standard). 387 evaluable patients were randomly assigned to S-HAM (N - 203) and to standard double induction (N - 184). The primary endpoint overall response rate (ORR) consisting of complete remission (CR) and incomplete remission (CRi) was not significantly different (P = 0.202) between S-HAM (77%) and double induction (72%). The median overall survival was 35 months after S-HAM and 25 months after double induction (P = 0.323). Duration of critical leukopenia was significantly reduced after S-HAM (median 29 days) versus double induction (median 44 days)-P < 0.001. This translated into a significantly shortened duration of hospitalization after S-HAM (median 37 days) as compared to standard induction (median 49 days)-P < 0.001. In conclusion, dose-dense induction therapy with the S-HAM regimen shows favorable trends but no significant differences in ORR and OS compared to standard double induction. S-HAM significantly shortens critical leukopenia and the duration of hospitalization by 2 weeks