Motivational interviews to improve nurses' motivation and self-efficacy for the use of Closed Suctioning System in the ICU

Nurses play a key role in providing care to mechanically ventilated ICU patients and suctioning their secretions. Endotracheal suctioning is a major nursing procedure. Using closed suctioning systems is preferable to open suctioning systems for several reasons. Enhancing the nurses' motivation for using the closed suctioning system (CSS) can accelerate the patients' recovery. This study uses motivational interviews to enhance ICU nurses' internal motivation for change. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of motivational interviews on the level of motivation and self-efficacy for the use of CSS in ICU nurses at Shohada Tajrish Hospital in Tehran in 2015. the present quasi-experimental pretest posttest intervention study was conducted on a sample population of all the ICU nurses at Shohada Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, selected through census sampling. The subjects were randomly divided into equal groups of cases and control (n= 30). Both groups filled out the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the Work Motivation Scale before beginning the study. The intervention consisted of five 90-minute group sessions carried out over three weeks. Three months later, both groups completed the scales once again as the posttest. The analysis of the data was carried out in SPSS-18. Descriptive statistics were then used to describe the data, inferential statistics to test the hypothesis and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the ANVOCA for identifying the relationship between the variables. the mean posttest score of job motivation and self-efficacy increased in the intervention group. The results of the ANCOVA also showed that motivational interviews had a meaningful impact on the examined ICU nurses' motivation for the use of CSS (P< 0.05). Motivational interviews also had a meaningful impact on the nurses' self-efficacy for the use of CSS (P< 0.05). Motivational interviews can therefore be regarded as an effective technique for enhancing motivation and self-efficacy in ICU nurses for the use of CSS

Evaluation of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers Visiting Dental Clinics in Isfahan about Two-Five-Year-Old Children’s Dental Care

Introduction: Since many deformities, oral diseases, and oral hygiene habits are formed in two-five-year-old children, mothers have a critical role in promoting their children's oral health. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of mothers toward dental and oral care of two-five-year-old children. Method: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 2013-14. Mothers who visited dental clinics in Isfahan (Iran) were selected through stratified multistage sampling. Three questionnaires were administered to assess mothers' knowledge, attitude, and performance regarding their children’s oral health. Five other items were also included to evaluate the participants’ personal and family characteristics. The collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlation analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS 17.0. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Low (0-5), moderate (6-10), and high levels of knowledge about oral health were found in (8.6%), (47.4%), and (44%) mothers, respectively. While none of the mothers had negative attitudes (0-23), neutral (23-69) and positive (69-88) attitudes were present in (40.1%) and (59.9%) participants, respectively. There was a significantly relationship between knowledge and employment status (P < 0.001). Low, moderate, and high levels of performance were found (27.2%), (68.4%), and (4.4%) individuals, respectively. A significant relationship was detected between women’s attitude and employment status (P = 0.012). Moreover, employed mothers had a better performance toward the oral health of their children compared to other mothers (P = 0.031). Mothers’ education and economic status were also significantly related with their knowledge, attitude, and performance toward their children's oral hygiene. Conclusion: Mothers’ knowledge and performance toward their children’s oral health was undesirable. Therefore, health education programs are required to promote the knowledge of mothers in this regard

Effect of self- care program based on the Orem frame work on self concept in multiple sclerosis patients

Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative myelin sheath of the central nervous system. Manifestation and side effect of this disease drastically impress patient’s body image and destruct self concept. The objective of the implementation of this study was to evaluate the effect of Orem self- care program on multiple sclerosis patients’ self concept. Materials and Methods: This quesi-experimental study was done on 34 MS patients referred to Ayatollah Kashani hospital in Shahrekord – Iran, during 2008. The patients were selected by convenience sampling. 8 sessions educational program based on patients needs and Orem self care frame work during 3 months were carried out and with self reporting sheets program was pursued. After 3 months self concept questionnaire completed and data were analyzed by using SPSS-11.5 software and paired T, will kakson and kruskal wallis tests. Results: Mean of self concept, prior and post intervention was 60.67±4.20, 118.26±3.53, respectively (P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between age, gender, educational level, marriage status, number of children, occupation, level of income, duration of outbreak, times of hospitalized with self esteem. Conclusion: This study showed that self care program based on the Orem frame work has positive effects on self esteem in multiple sclerosis patients. Therefore this program is recommended in MS patients

Evaluation of the effectiveness of nutritional education based on Health Belief Model on self-esteem and BMI of overweight and at risk of overweight adolescent girls

Background Due to significant increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in developed countries, much attention has been focused on this issue. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of nutritional education based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on self-esteem and body mass index (BMI) of overweight and at risk of overweight adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: The study subjects consist of 140 female students recruited from two high schools, who were randomly allocated to the intervention (n=70) and control (n=70) groups. The data collection instrument included sections on socio-demographic status, transportation method, physical status, and knowledge and attitudes of the students towards nutrition, which was designed according to HBM. As the intervention, model-based educational program was implemented through six 60-minute sessions, focusing on the overweight and at-risk students. Results were compared in the beginning, and three months after the intervention to find the possible impacts. Results: Average score of model structures and self-esteem of students in both groups had no significant difference at baseline, but immediately after the intervention and 3 months after treatment, the mean component scores were significantly higher in intervention group than controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the control group between the mean scores of model structures and self-esteem at different times. There was a significant difference at different times in component scores in the experimental group (P<0.05). The mean score of BMI in the control group had no significant difference in different time. Significant difference in BMI scores was seen at different times in experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The positive effect of this program was seen among the participants. Therefore such interventions in schools for developing effective long-term healthy behaviors have preventive and controlling effects on overweight

Care experiences and challenges of inpatients' companions in Iran's health care context: A qualitative study

Among the clients of nursing services, family members, as patient companions, serve as both caregiver and care receiver, such that specialized care is delivered by nurses and primary care is delegated to the patient companion. Hence, care experiences of all patient companions are not the same. The aim of this study is to investigate the care experiences of inpatients' companions at hospital. This work is a qualitative study conducted according to epistemiological methodology. The participants were 13 patient companions who were selected according to purposive sampling. Data were gathered throughout in-depth, unstructured interviews and then analyzed according to Colaizzi method. Overall, six themes were generated in this study, consisting of caregiver's burnout, burden of care, resistance against tension, caregiver's care function, needs, and organizational barriers. The findings demonstrated that the patients' companions are faced with numerous stressful factors during their patients' hospital stay, and hospitals' negligence of the companions' information and support needs to deal with complexities of care has led to increased burden of care among the companions. Meanwhile, the companions' dissatisfaction with health care delivery may bring about adverse outcomes. Therefore, hospital authorities should pay special attention to the status of patient companions as informal the caregivers and support sources of patients

A Comparative Study of Social and Retail Bazaars: Investigating the Historical Bazaar of Dezful and Shushtar as Retail Bazaar

There is an established idea in Iranian urban studies that puts the bazaar as the spine of the social and spatial structure of historical towns. This essentialist universal reading has eclipsed the diversity of Iranian bazaars across the country. This paper, however, aims at revealing the social and spatial diversity of bazaars in Iranian cities. This study employs the Space Syntax method for a topological analysis of the spatial configuration of Dezful and Shushtar. In addition, it investigates the socio-economic context of these cities. This study suggests that pre-modern Iranian cities were at least two types. First, there are those with a non-commercial urban economy, wherein the bazaar included a cluster of retail shops and did not encompass major socio-cultural public places. These solely retail bazaars were neither structurally the spine of the city, nor the heart of social life. Second, there are trading cities where the bazaar was not only the center of trade and the spine of spatial configuration but also the place of social interactions. This type of bazaars is referred to here as socio-commercial bazaars, or simply social bazaars. This type is what is widely considered as the stereotype Iranian bazaar. By highlighting the differences between the two types, this paper challenges the definition of ‘the’ Iranian bazaar and its stereotype. The ultimate aim of this paper, by no means, is to offer a typology of bazaars, but rather highlighting the diversity of Iranian cities that the essentialist modern reading has ignored

A study of stigma among Iranian family caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis: A descriptive explorative qualitative study

Aim This study was done to investigate the experiences of family caregivers of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) about stigmatization in Iranian health care context. Background Stigmatization has been observed obviously among patients with MS but few studies have been conducted on stigma among the family caregivers of these patients. Methods This qualitative study with thematic analysis was done to explore this issue. Fourteen family caregivers of patients with MS were selected by purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth and unstructured interviews. Results Four main subthemes emerged from the analysis of the transcripts: “feeling shame”, “fear of being ridiculed by others”, “ignored by family” and “concealing disease to be secure against the perceptions of disease”. Conclusions Healthcare professionals should be encouraged to inform caregivers about social engagement strategies and to train them on the management of stigma as an important factor for the reduction of their social problem

The effect of self-care program base on the Orem frame work on fatigue and activity of daily living in multiple sclerosis patients

Objective: Fatigue is one of the tormentest symptom of the Multiple Sclerosis that decrease self care ability and role performance of patients and potential of activity of daily living. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Orem self-care program on fatigue and activity of daily living (ADL) in Multiple Sclerosis clients. Materials & Methods: This quasi experimental study was a clinical trial research that was done on seventy multiple sclerosis patients whom were selected randomly from MS association and assigned to