Bodies on the Line: An Analysis of Incarceration and Assassination and Their Role in Civil Rights Movements

The history of American civil rights is understood largely through the context of various mass movements. Most famously, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s was a remarkable representation of collective action. The success of that movement becomes even more significant when considering the realities of life for Black Americans at the time. In the spirit of those movements, the 2010s and 2020s have brought about modern movements that continue to push against discrimination toward Black Americans and push for progress in the legal system. The movements each were and are met with opposition. This article focuses on the opposition and silencing tactics of the law—that is, the written law and law enforcement—as intentional methods of hindering the progress of movements. Specifically, this article explores the ways in which assassination and incarceration impact civil rights movements both negatively and positively. Through a series of case studies, the article argues that the civil rights movements in America have a cyclical nature, recurring with similar patterns whenever they appear. Assassination and incarceration are at the center of that cycle. Using comparisons between the assassinations of Emmett Till, Martin Luther King Jr., and Trayvon Martin, the article will demonstrate how, frequently, death is a catalyst for collective action against the law, but is also used by the law as a method of slowing progress. Incarceration functions similarly. This article will explore protest laws, jail-no-bail tactics, and similar instances of incarceration as either strategies used by activists to effectuate change or by the law to silence those involved in these movements. Through the analysis of major moments in civil rights movements from the 1960s to the 2020s, this article demonstrates how assassination and incarceration are inherent to the cycle of movements in America as they serve as both catalysts and deterrents to a movement’s progress, and that, without substantial change to the current legal system, the cycle will continue

The Glengarry Highland Games, 1948-2003: Problematizing the Role of Tourism, Scottish Cultural Institutions, and the Cultivation of Nostalgia in the Construction of Identities

In the midst of dynamic socio-economic and cultural conditions, the Glengarry Highland Games were revived in a rural community of Eastern Ontario in 1948. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, this festival became the lifeblood of a movement perpetuating Scottish Highland cultural practices and (re)producing "Scottishness" as the dominant cultural currency in an ethnically diverse county. Using primary evidence in the forms of oral histories, newspapers, and archives, this paper examines how the expansion of spaces and opportunities to celebrate Scottish cultural practices has influenced the social construction of regional and cultural identities in Glengarry County from 1948 to the 21st century.Dans le cadre de conditions socioculturelles dynamiques, les Highland Games de Glengarry ont été ranimés dans une collectivité rurale de l’Est de l’Ontario en 1948. Au fur et à mesure de la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle, ce festival est devenu l’élement vital d’un mouvement perpétuant les pratiques culturelles écossaises highland et (re)produisant le fait écossais comme la composante culturelle dominante dans un comté hétérogène sur le plan ethnique. Cet article examine, grâce à des sources originales telles que des entrevues, des articles de journaux et des archives, comment la multiplication des espaces et des occasions de pratiques culturelles écossaises a influencé la construction sociale des identités régionales et culturelles dans le comté de Glengarry, de 1948 au XXIe siècle

Rethinking the revival and evolution of the Glengarry Scottish Highland Games: Antimodernism, commercialization, and cultural (re)production in rural eastern Ontario.

In 1784, after a prolonged and weary struggle to settle in North America, almost fifty families established a homogenous Scottish community in what is currently Glengarry County, Ontario. In 1840, the residents of Glengarry County established a Scottish Highland Games, but a lack of commitment and funding led to their discontinuation after only a few years. In 1948, following an absence of almost a century, the Glengarry Scottish Highland Games tradition was revived. This thesis examines the revival and evolution of the Glengarry Highland Games, including commercial, ideological, and cultural impacts. When rethinking the revival of the games in Glengarry, one cannot help but speculate why the summer of 1948 was chosen as the apposite date. An investigation, including archival resources, newspapers, and personal interviews, has illuminated several social developments that contributed to the revival. Glengarry residents celebrate the traditional dress, Celtic music, athletic pursuits, and history of the county by participating in the annual games and associating with the organizations that relentlessly maintain and perpetuate Scottish cultural traditions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2004 .M37. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 43-05, page: 1607. Adviser: Scott Martyn. Thesis (M.H.K.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2004

Examining negative thinking styles and thought control strategies within Borderline Personality Disorder

Components of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) include emotion and cognitive dysregulation. The Emotional Cascade Model (Selby & Joiner, 2009; Selby et al., 2009) suggests negative affect and the cognitive process of rumination could be interchangeably increasing over time, leading to maladaptive behaviors. The current study evaluated negative thinking styles (i.e., anger rumination, sadness rumination, worry, catastrophizing) and thought control strategies (i.e., brooding, reflection, thought suppression) in relation to BPD traits using path analyses in a college student sample (N = 204). Results indicated anger rumination, sadness rumination, and worry indirectly predicted BPD traits through thought suppression, brooding, and reflection. However, catastrophizing did not directly predict any variable. Furthermore, reflection negatively and indirectly predicted BPD traits, while thought suppression and brooding had a positive and indirect effect on BPD traits. Understanding cognitions more in-depth could be influential in the assessment and treatment of BPD. Strengths, limitations, and future directions are discussed

The Struggle for Indigenous Representation in Canadian National Parks: The Case of the Haida Totem Poles in Jasper

This research focused on the lack of Indigenous representation in Jasper National Park (JNP) and the negative impacts it has on Indigenous communities and their relationship with JNP management. These representational issues foster the formation and dissemination of problematic Indigenous stereotypes and reinforce pan-Indigenous notions in Jasper and Canada. Relying on Indigenous Methodologies, we conducted semi-structured interviews with members of the Jasper Indigenous Forum and JNP management. The research participants identified several areas of concern: Indigenous histories and cultures presented from non-Indigenous perspectives; a lack of consultation and cultural awareness; and the presence of culturally insensitive structures in the park, including the Haida Totem poles discussed in this article. Our findings encourage park managers to rethink representational images to account for the impacts on local Indigenous peoples and reconsider the educational opportunities to help reconcile the past and move forward to address some of the concerns of Indigenous peoples in Jasper and more broadly throughout North America

“We Hardly Have Any Moose Around Here Anymore”: Climate Change and the Barriers to Food Security in the Dehcho Region, Northwest Territories

Rural Indigenous communities across northern Canada are experiencing high rates of food insecurity as a result of complex constraints to accessing quality market foods and engaging in local food procurement. Climate change is impacting the ability of northern Indigenous communities to acquire, access, and utilize food that is culturally relevant and sustainable. This research examines the interconnected sociocultural, political, economic, and environmental challenges related to food security in the community of Fort Providence situated in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories. The objective of this research was to consult with community members to understand the impacts of climate change on local food procurement and to explore the myriad challenges related to food security. We utilized Indigenous methodologies to guide all aspects of the research. Evidence was collected using semi-structured interviews with Dene and Métis Elders, knowledgeable land-users, and other community members. Our research demonstrates that changing hydrological systems and ecosystems, unpredictable weather patterns, the presence of non-local harvesters, the loss of traditional knowledge, and the high costs of living in a rural northern community impact local food security. The results of this research can inform policies that reflect the needs of residents, address the distinct barriers to procuring local food, and provide a basis for understanding the complexities of food security in the Dehcho and other subarctic regions.Les collectivités autochtones rurales du Nord canadien connaissent des taux d’insécurité alimentaire élevés en raison de contraintes complexes en matière d’accès à des aliments du marché de qualité et d’engagement à s’approvisionner en nourriture locale. Le changement climatique a des incidences sur la capacité des collectivités autochtones du Nord à acquérir et utiliser des aliments culturellement pertinents et durables ou à y avoir accès. Cette recherche se penche sur les défis interreliés sur les plans socioculturel, politique, économique et environnemental liés à la sécurité alimentaire de la collectivité de Fort Providence située dans la région du Dehcho, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. L’objectif de cette recherche consistait à consulter des membres de la collectivité dans le but de comprendre les effets du changement climatique sur l’approvisionnement alimentaire local et à explorer les nombreux défis qui se posent en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Nous avons employé des méthodologies autochtones pour guider tous les aspects de notre recherche. Des renseignements ont été recueillis dans le cadre d’entrevues semi-structurées avec des aînés dénés et métis, des utilisateurs des terres bien informés et d’autres membres de la collectivité. Notre recherche a permis de démontrer que les écosystèmes et les systèmes hydrologiques en pleine évolution, les régimes climatiques imprévisibles, la présence de récolteurs ne venant pas de la région, la perte des connaissances traditionnelles et le coût de la vie élevé dans une collectivité rurale nordique ont des conséquences sur la sécurité alimentaire à l’échelle locale. Les résultats de cette recherche peuvent éclairer des politiques tenant compte des besoins des résidents, aborder les obstacles distincts à l’approvisionnement alimentaire local et aider à comprendre les complexités de la sécurité alimentaire dans la région du Dehcho et dans d’autres régions subarctiques

Hoop House Gardening in the Wapekeka First Nation as an Extension of Land-Based Food Practices

Rural Indigenous communities in Canada’s North face many challenges getting regular access to nutritious foods, primarily because of the high cost of market food, restricted availability of nutritious foods, and lack of government support for nutritious food programs. The consequences of food insecurity in this context are expressed in high rates of diabetes, heart disease, and childhood obesity. Many Indigenous communities are responding to issues related to healthy food access by attempting to rebuild local food capacity in their specific regions. Important first steps have been taken in developing local food initiatives, yet whether these initiatives are improving northern food security remains to be seen. We explore this question by working with the Oji-Cree First Nation in the community of Wapekeka, northern Ontario, to construct a hoop house and develop a school-based community gardening program. Using a community-based participatory approach, we determined that hoop house and gardening initiatives in rural, northern settings have the potential to build up local food production, develop the skills and knowledge of community members, engage youth in growing local food, and align with land-based food teachings. We show that despite widespread and multidimensional community hardships, there was considerable community buy-in and support for the project, which gives hope for future development and provides important insight for those seeking to initiate similar gardening, hoop house, or greenhouse initiatives in northern Indigenous communities.Les collectivités autochtones du Canada en milieu rural nordique ont de nombreux défis à relever pour avoir régulièrement accès à de la nourriture nutritive, principalement en raison du coût élevé des denrées alimentaires du marché, de la disponibilité restreinte d’aliments nutritifs et du manque de soutien gouvernemental pour l’adoption de programmes de provisions alimentaires nutritives. Dans ce contexte, les conséquences de l’insécurité alimentaire s’expriment par des taux élevés de diabète, de maladies du coeur et d’obésité infantile. De nombreuses collectivités autochtones relèvent les défis d’accès à des denrées saines en tentant de renforcer la capacité alimentaire locale de leurs propres régions. Ils ont déjà pris d’importantes mesures pour aboutir à des initiatives alimentaires locales, mais il reste à voir si ces initiatives permettent d’améliorer la sécurité alimentaire dans le Nord. Nous nous penchons sur cette question de concert avec la Première Nation oji-cri dans la collectivité de Wapekeka, dans le nord de l’Ontario, en construisant plus précisément une serre à arceaux et en aménageant un programme de jardinage scolaire. Grâce à notre approche participative et communautaire, nous avons déterminé que la serre à arceaux et les initiatives de jardinage en milieu rural nordique ont la possibilité de se traduire par l’accumulation d’aliments produits à l’échelle locale, de favoriser l’acquisition de compétences et de connaissances, d’inciter les jeunes à cultiver des aliments localement et de mettre en valeur les enseignements relatifs à la nourriture provenant de la terre. Nous montrons que malgré les difficultés multidimensionnelles répandues dans la collectivité, ce projet a suscité un appui considérable de la part des gens, ce qui donne de l’espoir en vue de développements futurs et permet aux personnes désirant mettre en oeuvre des initiatives semblables de jardinage, de serres à arceaux et de serres ordinaires dans les collectivités autochtones nordiques d’acquérir d’importantes connaissances