Пропорційність обмежень права бути вислуханим під час здійснення спрощених процедур у цивільному судочинстві

Масло, Т. Пропорційність обмежень права бути вислуханим під час здійснення спрощених процедур у цивільному судочинстві / Тетяна Масло // Підприємництво, господарство і право. - 2019. - № 2. - С. 36-40.У статті досліджується виправданість та необхідність обмеження права особи бути вислуханою під час розгляду справ спрощеного характеру в цивільному судочинстві, вирішення окремих процесуаль-них питань без участі заінтересованої особи. Висвітлено гарантії відповідного права в рамках спрощених процедур, законодавчі критерії та критерії розсуду суду у разі встановлення такого обмеження.The article describes the justification and the need to limit the right of a person to be heard in the order of the consideration of simplified cases, the resolution of certain procedural issues without calling or notifying the interested person. The guarantees of the relevant law, the legislative criteria and the criterion of the court’s discretion when establishing such a restriction are analyzed.В статье исследуется оправданность и необходимость ограничения права лица быть выслушанным в упрощенных производствах, при разрешении отдельных процессуальных вопросов без участия заинтересованного лица. Освещены гарантии этого права, законодательные критерии и критерии усмотрения суда при установлении такого ограничения

To exclose nests or not: structured decision making for the conservation of a threatened species

Decisions regarding endangered species recovery often face sparse data and multiple sources of uncertainty about the effects of management. Structured decision making (SDM) provides a framework for assembling knowledge and expert opinion and evaluating the tradeoffs between different objectives while formally incorporating uncertainty. The Atlantic Coast piping plover provides an illustrative case for the utility of SDM in endangered species management because its population growth is simple to model, most populations are monitored, decision alternatives are well defined, and many managers are open to recovery recommendations. We built a model to evaluate the decision to use nest exclosures to protect piping plover eggs from predators, where the objective was to maximize λ and the tradeoff was between nest survival and adult survival. The latter can be reduced by exclosures. We used a novel mixed multinomial logistic exposure model to predict daily nest fates and incorporated the results into a stochastic projection matrix that included renesting after nest failure, and adult mortality associated with abandonment. In our test data set (n = 329 nests from 28 sites over four years), the mean nest survival over 34 days was markedly higher for exclosed nests (0.76 ± 0.03 SE) than for unexclosed nests (0.37 ± 0.07). Abandonment rates were also higher for exclosed nests (0.092 ± 0.017) than for unexclosed nests (0.045 ± 0.017), but the difference was not statistically signifi- cant and the loss rate to “other sources” (mostly predators) was much lower for exclosed nests (0.15 ± 0.03) than for unexclosed nests (0.58 ± 0.07). Population growth rate (λ) was clearly improved by exclosure use at the sites with high background nest loss rates, but λ was still \u3c1 with exclosure use. Where the background nest loss rates were low, the decision to use exclosures was ambiguous, and λ could benefit from reducing uncertainty in vital rates. Our process demonstrated that geographic and temporal variation in nest mortality determines whether exclosures will be useful in attaining positive population growth rates and that other management options must be considered where the background nest mortality rates are high

The early shorebird will catch fewer invertebrates on trampled sandy beaches

Many species of birds breeding on ocean beaches and in coastal dunes are of global conservation concern. Most of these species rely on invertebrates (e.g. insects, small crustaceans) as an irreplaceable food source, foraging primarily around the strandline on the upper beach near the dunes. Sandy beaches are also prime sites for human recreation, which impacts these food resources via negative trampling effects. We quantified acute trampling impacts on assemblages of upper shore invertebrates in a controlled experiment over a range of foot traffic intensities (up to 56 steps per square metre) on a temperate beach in Victoria, Australia. Trampling significantly altered assemblage structure (species composition and density) and was correlated with significant declines in invertebrate abundance and species richness. Trampling effects were strongest for rare species. In heavily trafficked plots the abundance of sand hoppers (Amphipoda), a principal prey item of threatened Hooded Plovers breeding on this beach, was halved. In contrast to the consistently strong effects of trampling, natural habitat attributes (e.g. sediment grain size, compactness) were much less influential predictors. If acute suppression of invertebrates caused by trampling, as demonstrated here, is more widespread on beaches it may constitute a significant threat to endangered vertebrates reliant on these invertebrates. This calls for a re-thinking of conservation actions by considering active management of food resources, possibly through enhancement of wrack or direct augmentation of prey items to breeding territories

Proportionality as the basic criterion of discretion of the court in the civil court of justice

Масло, Т. М. Пропорційність як основний критерій розсуду суду в цивільному судочинстві [Електронний ресурс] / Т. М. Масло // Порівняльно-аналітичне право. - 2018. - № 6. - С. 121-124. - Режим доступу: http://www.pap.in.ua/6_2018/34.pdf.Стаття присвячена аналізу пропорційності, сутності та змісту критеріїв застосування розсуду суду в цивільному судочинстві. Зроблений висновок, що розсуд суду повинен застосовуватись у межах та з підстав, визначених законом, а умови повинні відображати баланс публічних та приватних інтересів, виправданість обмеження прав учасника справи та враховувати обставини справи як спеціальні умови дискреції.The article is devoted to the analysis of the proportionality and essence of the criteria of the court's discretion in civil proceedings. It is concluded that the discretion of the court should be applied within the limits adopted by law. Conditions should reflect a balance of public and private interests, justify restrictions on the rights of a participant in a case, and take into account the circumstances ofthe case.Статья посвящена анализу пропорциональности, сущности и содержания критериев применения усмотрения суда в гражданском судопроизводстве. Сделан вывод, что усмотрение суда должно применяться в пределах и на основаниях, определенных законом, а условия должны отражать баланс публичных и частных интересов, оправданность ограничения прав участника дела и учитывать обстоятельства дела как специальные условия дискреции

Steam unit and gas turbine power station reliable control for network black-start-up

The aim of the paper is the analysis of the dynamic behavior of a thermoelectric power plant equipped with a steam unit and a gas turbine during the early phases ofa black-start-up maneuver for the network restoration. Models of different detail level for two production units and the relevant regulators have been implemented into two simulation tools. The paper contains the description of the different models, identifies the cases in which the two simulation codes predict similar results and presents the main characteristics, as well as the fields of application of the two codes. As an example, the paper presents also an application of simulators developed for the planning and the preparation of island operation and start up field tests of a power station

Chirosurveillance: The use of native bats to detect invasive agricultural pests.

Invasive insect pests cost the agricultural industry billions of dollars annually in crop losses. Timely detection of pests is critical for management efficiency. Innovative pest detection strategies, such as environmental DNA (eDNA) techniques, combined with efficient predators, maximize sampling resolution across space and time and may improve surveillance. We tested the hypothesis that temperate insectivorous bats can be important sentinels of agricultural insect pest surveillance. Specifically, we used a new high-sensitivity molecular assay for invasive brown marmorated stink bugs (Halyomorpha halys) to examine the extent to which big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) detect agricultural pests in the landscape. We documented consistent seasonal predation of stink bugs by big brown bats. Importantly, bats detected brown marmorated stink bugs 3-4 weeks earlier than the current standard monitoring tool, blacklight traps, across all sites. We highlight here the previously unrecognized potential ecosystem service of bats as agents of pest surveillance (or chirosurveillance). Additional studies examining interactions between other bat and insect pest species, coupled with comparisons of detectability among various conventional monitoring methods, are needed to verify the patterns extracted from this study. Ultimately, robust economic analyses will be needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of chirosurveillance as a standard strategy for integrated pest management

Connectivity shapes functional diversity and maintains complementarity in surf zones on exposed coasts

Habitat complexity and connectivity can influence the number of species and their diversity across a landscape. For the surf zones of ocean-exposed beaches, globally one of the longest habitat interfaces, the assumed low structural complexity, and apparent homogeneity, of the sandy seafloor habitats predicts low taxonomic and functional diversity. Here, we assessed how the configuration of the seascape and the context of different beach structure functional diversity and functional niche space of fish assemblages in surf zones. We expected that beaches that were well connected with highly productive and complex estuarine and reef habitats would support a greater level of functional diversity, and a greater degree of functional complementarity within different niches. We sampled surf zones at twenty-five beaches along 50 km of coastline in southeast Queensland, Australia. We calculated functional diversity and functional niche space using variation in the functional traits of fish assemblages. We found that increased proximity with nearby subtidal rocky reefs was the key feature of the coastline shaping functional diversity and functional niche space in surf zone fishes. These effects resulted in increased functional complementarity within a number of fish functional group niches when rocky reefs were nearby. We provide empirical evidence that habitat proximity can structure functional diversity and complementarity in the surf zones of ocean beaches, a system traditionally viewed as having low habitat heterogeneity. Our results highlight the focus management must take in conserving these highly connected ecosystems to avoid negative functional consequences