56 research outputs found

    EFFECT OF ACCELERATED AGING ON LIPID PEROXIDATION, LEAKAGE AND SEEDLING VIGOR (RGR) IN CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus L.) SEEDS

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    Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds were SUbjected to environmental treatments known to shorten seed viability rapidly. The cultivar response, seed germ inability, seedling vigor, membrane damage and lipid peroxidation in cucumber seeds were compared. Accelerated aging treatment showed decline in germinability, loss of vigor, increased leakage and lipid peroxidation products. The results obtained suggest that the changes with aging are a function of free radical mediated damage to membranes and cultivar response

    Generation of a transgenic zebrafish model of Tauopathy using a novel promoter element derived from the zebrafish eno2 gene

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    The aim of this study was to isolate cis-acting regulatory elements for the generation of transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegeneration. Zebrafish enolase-2 (eno2) showed neuronal expression increasing from 24 to 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) and persisting through adulthood. A 12 kb eno2 genomic fragment, extending from 8 kb upstream of exon 1 to exon 2, encompassing intron 1, was sufficient to drive neuronal reporter gene expression in vivo over a similar time course. Five independent lines of stable Tg(eno2 : GFP) zebrafish expressed GFP widely in neurons, including populations with relevance to neurodegeneration, such as cholinergic neurons, dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells. We replaced the exon 2-GFP fusion gene with a cDNA encoding the 4-repeat isoform of the human microtubule-associated protein Tau. The first intron of eno2 was spliced with high fidelity and efficiency from the chimeric eno2-Tau transcript. Tau was expressed at ∌8-fold higher levels in Tg(eno2 : Tau) zebrafish brain than normal human brain, and localized to axons, neuropil and ectopic neuronal somatic accumulations resembling neurofibrillary tangles. The 12 kb eno2 promoter drives high-level transgene expression in differentiated neurons throughout the CNS of stable transgenic zebrafish. This regulatory element will be useful for the construction of transgenic zebrafish models of neurodegeneration

    Parkinson’s disease mouse models in translational research

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    Animal models with high predictive power are a prerequisite for translational research. The closer the similarity of a model to Parkinson’s disease (PD), the higher is the predictive value for clinical trials. An ideal PD model should present behavioral signs and pathology that resemble the human disease. The increasing understanding of PD stratification and etiology, however, complicates the choice of adequate animal models for preclinical studies. An ultimate mouse model, relevant to address all PD-related questions, is yet to be developed. However, many of the existing models are useful in answering specific questions. An appropriate model should be chosen after considering both the context of the research and the model properties. This review addresses the validity, strengths, and limitations of current PD mouse models for translational research

    Relations structure-fonction du premier transfert de brin chez le vih-1

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    An essential step of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription is the first trand transfer that requires base pairing of the R region at the 3’- end of the genomic RNA with the complementary r region at the 3’-end of minus strand strong-stop DNA (ssDNA). HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) facilitates this annealing process. Determination of the ssDNA structure is needed to understand the molecular basis of NC-mediated genomic RNA-ssDNA annealing. For this purpose, we investigated ssDNA using structural probes (nucleases and potassium permanganate). This study is the first to determine the secondary structure of the fulllength HIV-1 ssDNA in the absence or presence of NC.Our probing data obtained in the absence of NC, suggest weak contacts between the u5 region of ssDNA and the U3 region the genomic RNA. The probing data and phylogenetic analysis support the folding of ssDNA into three stem-loop structures and the presence of four high-affinity binding sites for NC. Using the gel retardation assay, we analyzed the interaction of NC with each site. Taken together, our results support a model for the NC-mediated annealing process in which the preferential binding of NC to four sites triggers unfolding of the threedimensional structure of ssDNA, thus facilitating interaction of the r sequence of ssDNA with the R sequence of the genomic RNA. In addition, using gel retardation assays and ssDNA mutants, we show that the annealing of ssDNA to the 3’- end of the genomic RNA requires NC activity and does not rely on a single pathway (zipper intermediate or kissing complex).Les premier et second transferts de brin sont deux Ă©tapes essentielles de la transcription inverse du gĂ©nome du virus de l’immunodĂ©ficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). De nombreuses Ă©tudes in vitro suggĂšrent que les transferts nĂ©cessitent l’action de la protĂ©ine de nuclĂ©ocapside du VIH-1 (NC). Le premier transfert, se produisant de l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 5’ vers l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ de l’ARN gĂ©nomique du VIH-1, repose en grande partie sur un appariement ADN-ARN impliquant la rĂ©gion r de l’ADN strong-stop (ADNss) et la rĂ©gion R situĂ©e Ă  l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ de l’ARN viral (ARN 3’UTR). Les structures, interactions et dynamiques qui gouvernent cet appariement sont mal connues. Jusqu’à notre Ă©tude, la formation de l’hybride ADN-ARN n’avait Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e in vitro qu’avec des courts acides nuclĂ©iques qui ne reflĂštent que partiellement les structures formĂ©es par l’ADNss et l’ARN 3’UTR dans le virus en cours de rĂ©plication. L’objectif principal de ma thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de caractĂ©riser in vitro les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires qui gouvernent l’hybridation de l’ADNss avec l’ARN 3’UTR. Pour atteindre cet objectif, j’ai utilisĂ© des mĂ©thodes de la biologie molĂ©culaire et j’ai analysĂ© la structure secondaire de l’ADNss entier avec trois sondes de structure (DNase I, mung bean nuclease et permanganate de potassium) : i) en l’absence de NC ; ii) en prĂ©sence de NC ; iii) en prĂ©sence de l’ARN 3’UTR.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus nous ont permis d’ĂȘtre les premiers Ă  dĂ©terminer in vitro la structure secondaire de l’ADNss entier du VIH-1 et Ă  identifier dans celui-ci quatre sites sur lesquels se fixe prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement la NC. A notre connaissance, les structures secondaires des ADNss d’autres rĂ©trovirus n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. Nos donnĂ©es structurales sont en faveur d’une structure secondaire de l’ADNss du VIH-1 constituĂ©e de trois tiges-boucles (u5, cpoly(A) et cTAR) et trois rĂ©gions simple-brin en l’absence ou prĂ©sence de NC. Notre analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique suggĂšre que la structure secondaire de l’ADNss et les sites forts NC sont conservĂ©s parmi les diffĂ©rents groupes du VIH-1. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent aussi qu’une partie de la rĂ©gion u5 de l’ADNss Ă©tablit des interactions trĂšs faibles et probablement transitoires avec une partie de la rĂ©gion U3 de l’ARN 3’UTR en l’absence de NC. En rĂ©alisant des cinĂ©tiques d’hybridation et en utilisant deux ADNss mutĂ©s, nous avons montrĂ© que l’hybridation ADNss-ARN 3’UTR nĂ©cessite l’activitĂ© de la NC et que ce processus ne repose pas sur une seule voie d’initiation. Nos rĂ©sultats supportent un modĂšle dans lequel la premiĂšre Ă©tape est la fixation de la NC au niveau des quatre sites, ce qui va dĂ©clencher l’ouverture de la structure tridimensionnelle de l’ADNss et favoriser ainsi l’accessibilitĂ© de la rĂ©gion r ; la seconde Ă©tape Ă©tant la dĂ©stabilisation par la NC des structures secondaires ; la troisiĂšme Ă©tape Ă©tant l’appariement par la NC des rĂ©gions complĂ©mentaires r et R. L’ensemble des rĂ©sultats obtenus permet Ă  mon Ă©quipe d’accueil d’initier de nouvelles Ă©tudes in vitro et ex vivo

    Structure-function relationships of the first strand transfer in hiv-1

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    Les premier et second transferts de brin sont deux Ă©tapes essentielles de la transcription inverse du gĂ©nome du virus de l’immunodĂ©ficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). De nombreuses Ă©tudes in vitro suggĂšrent que les transferts nĂ©cessitent l’action de la protĂ©ine de nuclĂ©ocapside du VIH-1 (NC). Le premier transfert, se produisant de l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 5’ vers l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ de l’ARN gĂ©nomique du VIH-1, repose en grande partie sur un appariement ADN-ARN impliquant la rĂ©gion r de l’ADN strong-stop (ADNss) et la rĂ©gion R situĂ©e Ă  l’extrĂ©mitĂ© 3’ de l’ARN viral (ARN 3’UTR). Les structures, interactions et dynamiques qui gouvernent cet appariement sont mal connues. Jusqu’à notre Ă©tude, la formation de l’hybride ADN-ARN n’avait Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e in vitro qu’avec des courts acides nuclĂ©iques qui ne reflĂštent que partiellement les structures formĂ©es par l’ADNss et l’ARN 3’UTR dans le virus en cours de rĂ©plication. L’objectif principal de ma thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de caractĂ©riser in vitro les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires qui gouvernent l’hybridation de l’ADNss avec l’ARN 3’UTR. Pour atteindre cet objectif, j’ai utilisĂ© des mĂ©thodes de la biologie molĂ©culaire et j’ai analysĂ© la structure secondaire de l’ADNss entier avec trois sondes de structure (DNase I, mung bean nuclease et permanganate de potassium) : i) en l’absence de NC ; ii) en prĂ©sence de NC ; iii) en prĂ©sence de l’ARN 3’UTR.Les rĂ©sultats obtenus nous ont permis d’ĂȘtre les premiers Ă  dĂ©terminer in vitro la structure secondaire de l’ADNss entier du VIH-1 et Ă  identifier dans celui-ci quatre sites sur lesquels se fixe prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement la NC. A notre connaissance, les structures secondaires des ADNss d’autres rĂ©trovirus n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. Nos donnĂ©es structurales sont en faveur d’une structure secondaire de l’ADNss du VIH-1 constituĂ©e de trois tiges-boucles (u5, cpoly(A) et cTAR) et trois rĂ©gions simple-brin en l’absence ou prĂ©sence de NC. Notre analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique suggĂšre que la structure secondaire de l’ADNss et les sites forts NC sont conservĂ©s parmi les diffĂ©rents groupes du VIH-1. Nos rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent aussi qu’une partie de la rĂ©gion u5 de l’ADNss Ă©tablit des interactions trĂšs faibles et probablement transitoires avec une partie de la rĂ©gion U3 de l’ARN 3’UTR en l’absence de NC. En rĂ©alisant des cinĂ©tiques d’hybridation et en utilisant deux ADNss mutĂ©s, nous avons montrĂ© que l’hybridation ADNss-ARN 3’UTR nĂ©cessite l’activitĂ© de la NC et que ce processus ne repose pas sur une seule voie d’initiation. Nos rĂ©sultats supportent un modĂšle dans lequel la premiĂšre Ă©tape est la fixation de la NC au niveau des quatre sites, ce qui va dĂ©clencher l’ouverture de la structure tridimensionnelle de l’ADNss et favoriser ainsi l’accessibilitĂ© de la rĂ©gion r ; la seconde Ă©tape Ă©tant la dĂ©stabilisation par la NC des structures secondaires ; la troisiĂšme Ă©tape Ă©tant l’appariement par la NC des rĂ©gions complĂ©mentaires r et R. L’ensemble des rĂ©sultats obtenus permet Ă  mon Ă©quipe d’accueil d’initier de nouvelles Ă©tudes in vitro et ex vivo.An essential step of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription is the first trand transfer that requires base pairing of the R region at the 3’- end of the genomic RNA with the complementary r region at the 3’-end of minus strand strong-stop DNA (ssDNA). HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NC) facilitates this annealing process. Determination of the ssDNA structure is needed to understand the molecular basis of NC-mediated genomic RNA-ssDNA annealing. For this purpose, we investigated ssDNA using structural probes (nucleases and potassium permanganate). This study is the first to determine the secondary structure of the fulllength HIV-1 ssDNA in the absence or presence of NC.Our probing data obtained in the absence of NC, suggest weak contacts between the u5 region of ssDNA and the U3 region the genomic RNA. The probing data and phylogenetic analysis support the folding of ssDNA into three stem-loop structures and the presence of four high-affinity binding sites for NC. Using the gel retardation assay, we analyzed the interaction of NC with each site. Taken together, our results support a model for the NC-mediated annealing process in which the preferential binding of NC to four sites triggers unfolding of the threedimensional structure of ssDNA, thus facilitating interaction of the r sequence of ssDNA with the R sequence of the genomic RNA. In addition, using gel retardation assays and ssDNA mutants, we show that the annealing of ssDNA to the 3’- end of the genomic RNA requires NC activity and does not rely on a single pathway (zipper intermediate or kissing complex)

    The moving crude adiabatic alternative to the adiabatic representation in excited state dynamics

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    International audienceThe choice of the electronic representation in on-the-fly quantum dynamics is crucial. The adiabatic representation is appealing since adiabatic states are readily available from quantum chemistry packages. The nuclear wavepackets are then expanded in a basis of Gaussian functions, which follow trajectories to explore the potential energy surfaces and approximate the potential using a local expansion of the adiabatic quantities. Nevertheless, the adiabatic representation is plagued with severe limitations when conical intersections are involved: the diagonal Born–Oppenheimer corrections (DBOCs) are non-integrable, and the geometric phase effect on the nuclear wavepackets cannot be accounted for unless a model is available. To circumvent these difficulties, the moving crude adiabatic (MCA) representation was proposed and successfully tested in low energy dynamics where the wavepacket skirts the conical intersection. We assess the MCA representation in the case of non-adiabatic transitions through conical intersections. First, we show that using a Gaussian basis in the adiabatic representation indeed exhibits the aforementioned difficulties with a special emphasis on the possibility to regularize the DBOC terms. Then, we show that MCA is indeed able to properly model non-adiabatic transitions. Tests are done on linear vibronic coupling models for the bis(methylene) adamantyl cation and the butatriene cation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Chemistry without the Born–Oppenheimer approximation’

    Nutrient cycling and field-based partial nutrient balances in two mountain oases of Oman. Field Crops Research

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    Abstract Little is known about nutrient fluxes as a criterion to assess the sustainability of traditional irrigation agriculture in eastern Arabia. In this study GIS-based field research on terraced cropland and groves of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was conducted over 2 years in two mountain oases of northern Oman to determine their role as hypothesized sinks for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). At Balad Seet 55% of the 385 fields received annual inputs of 100-500 kg N ha À1 and 26% received 500-1400 kg N ha À1 . No N was applied to 19% of the fields which were under fallow. Phosphorus was applied annually at 1-90 kg ha À1 on 46% of the fields, whereas 27% received 90-210 kg ha À1 . No K was applied to 27% of the fields, 32% received 1-300 kg K ha À1 , and the remaining fields received up to 1400 kg ha À1 . At Maqta N-inputs were 61-277 kg ha À1 in palm groves and 112-225 kg ha À1 in wheat (Triticum spp.) fields, respective P inputs were 9-40 and 14-29 kg ha À1 , and K inputs were 98-421 and 113-227 kg ha À1 . For cropland, partial oasis balances (comprising inputs of manure, mineral fertilizers, N 2 -fixation and irrigation water, and outputs of harvested products) were similar for both oases, with per hectare surpluses of 131 kg N, 37 kg P, and 84 kg K at Balad Seet and of 136 kg N, 16 kg P and 66 kg K at Maqta. This was despite the fact that N 2 -fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), estimated at up to 480 kg ha À1 yr À1 with an average total dry matter of 22 t ha À1 , contributed to the cropland N-balance only at the former site. Respective palm grove surpluses, in contrast were with 303 kg N, 38 kg P, and 173 kg K ha À1 much higher at Balad Seet than with 84 kg N, 14 kg P, and 91 kg K ha À1 at Maqta. The data show that both oases presently are large sinks for nutrients. Potential gaseous and leaching losses could at least partly be controlled by a decrease in nutrient input intensity and careful incorporation of manure.

    A survey of wheat landraces in Oman

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    The original publication is available at http://www.bioversityinternational.org
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