Synthesis, characterization, x-ray structure and antimicrobial activity of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(pyridin-4- ylcarbonyl) hydrazinecarbothioamide

Purpose: To synthesize thiosemicarbazide and determine its antimicrobial properties.Methods: Pyridine-based thiosemicarbazide was synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The structure of the synthesized compound was established by spectral analysis, namely, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon 13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), single crystal x-ray analysis as well as by elemental analysis.Results: The title compound crystallized in monoclinic form with space group P21/c of a = 11.6050 (3) Å, b = 13.3130 (4) Å, c = 9.9884 (3) Å, β = 94.911 (2)°, V = 1537.52 (8) Å3, Z = 4 and Rint = 0.033. The pyridine ring formed dihedral angles of 74.1(3) and 88.2(5)° with major and minor components of disordered benzene ring, respectively. In the crystal packing, molecules were linked via intermolecular N—H•••N, N—H•••S and N—H•••O hydrogen bonds into zigzag layers. Compound 2 was most effective against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 10400, MRSA 85N, MRSA 66N and MRSA 15G, compared to the reference drugs, ampicillin and ceftriaxone.Conclusion: The title compound represents a good lead for the development of potent antibacterial agent against Gram positive bacteria and MRSA strains.Keywords: Isoniazid, Thiosemicarbazide, Single crystal x-ray, Antimicrobial activit

(E)-N′-(4-Isopropyl­benzyl­idene)isonicotinohydrazide monohydrate

In the title compound, C16H17N3O·H2O, the isonicotinohydrazide mol­ecule adopts an E conformation about the central C=N double bond. The dihedral angle between the pyridine and the benzene rings is 54.56 (15)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via N—H⋯O, O—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network

(E)-2-(2,3-Dimethyl­anilino)-N′-[2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclo­hex-2-enyl­idene]benzohydrazide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C25H29N3O, comprises two crystallographically independent mol­ecules. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in the two mol­ecules are 59.7 (2) and 61.27 (18)°. The cyclo­hexene rings adopt sofa and half-chair conformations. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected via N—H⋯O and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the a axis. In each mol­ecule, there is an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond

Development of new thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as aldose reductase inhibitors endowed with antihyperglycaemic activity: design, synthesis, biological investigations, and in silico insights

This research study describes the development of new small molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) and their aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory activities. The synthesis of 17 new derivatives of 2,4-TZDs hybrids was feasible by incorporating two known bioactive scaffolds, benzothiazole heterocycle, and nitro phenacyl moiety. The most active hybrid (8b) was found to inhibit AR in a non-competitive manner (0.16 µM), as confirmed by kinetic studies and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that compound 8b had a significant hypoglycaemic effect in mice with hyperglycaemia induced by streptozotocin. Fifty milligrams per kilogram dose of 8b produced a marked decrease in blood glucose concentration, and a lower dose of 5 mg/kg demonstrated a noticeable antihyperglycaemic effect. These outcomes suggested that compound 8b may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications

Alleviative effects of pinostrobin against cadmium-induced renal toxicity in rats by reducing oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction

IntroductionCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can be found everywhere in the environment and can have harmful effects on both human and animal health. Pinostrobin (PSB) is a bioactive natural flavonoid isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda with several pharmacological properties, such as antiinflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiviral. This investigation was intended to assess the therapeutic potential of PSB against Cd-induced kidney damage in rats.MethodsIn total, 48 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a control, a Cd (5 mg/kg), a Cd + PSB group (5 mg/kg Cd and 10 mg/kg PSB), and a PSB group (10 mg/kg) that received supplementation for 30 days.ResultsExposure to Cd led to a decrease in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), whereas levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Cd exposure also caused a substantial increase in urea, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and creatinine levels. Moreover, a noticeable decline was noticed in creatinine clearance. Moreover, Cd exposure considerably increased the levels of inflammatory indices, including interleukin-1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Cd treatment decreased the expression of the antiapoptotic markers (Bcl-2) while increasing the expression of apoptotic markers (Bax and Caspase-3). Furthermore, Cd treatment substantially reduced the TCA cycle enzyme activity, such as alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Moreover, mitochondrial electron transport chain enzymes, succinatedehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c-oxidase, and coenzyme Q-cytochrome reductase activities were also decreased following Cd exposure. PSB administration substantially reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential while inducing significant histological damage. However, PSB treatment significantly reduced Cd-mediated renal damage in rats.ConclusionThus, the present investigation discovered that PSB has ameliorative potential against Cd-induced renal dysfunction in rats

Targeting Cancer Stem Cells with Novel 4-(4-Substituted phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy/3,4-dimethoxy)-benzoyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-one/thiones

Novel 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy/3,4-dimethoxy)-benzoyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-one/thione derivatives (DHP 1–9) were designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antitumor activity against cancer stem cells. The compounds were synthesized in one pot. Enaminones E1 and E2 were reacted with substituted benzaldehydes and urea/thiourea in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral analysis. The compounds were screened in vitro against colon cancer cell line (LOVO) colon cancer stem cells. Most of the compounds were found to be active against side population cancer stem cells with an inhibition of >50% at a 10 μM concentration. Compounds DHP-1, DHP-7 and DHP-9 were found to be inactive. Compound DHP-5 exhibited an in vitro anti-proliferative effect and arrested cancer cells at the Gap 2 phase (G2) checkpoint and demonstrated an inhibitory effect on tumor growth for a LOVO xenograft in a nude mouse experiment

Synthesis and in vivo anti-ulcer evaluation of some novel piperidine linked dihydropyrimidinone derivatives

Dihydropyrimidinone derivatives containing piperidine moiety were synthesised in a good yield. All the compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data. Anti-ulcer activity of novel dihydropyrimidinone-piperidine hybrids (1–18) was evaluated. Among them, four compounds (3, 8, 11 and 15) were found to be most active in 80% ethanol-induced ulcer experimental animal model. All the potent compounds were further evaluated for anti-ulcer activity by different in vivo anti-ulcer models to study the effect of compounds on anti-secretory and cytoprotective activities. All the active compounds inhibited the formation of gastric ulcers and increased the formation of gastric mucin secretion. Compound 15 was found to be the most potent compound of the series as anti-ulcer agent. Additional experimental studies on lead compound 15 will result in a new class of orally active molecule for anti-ulcer activity

(Z)-7-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]-6-methyl-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine

In the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H12BrN7S, there are two crystallographically independent molecules with similar conformations. Both molecules are slightly twisted; the central 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazine ring system makes dihedral angles of 9.65 (15) and 13.29 (15)° with the pyridine and benzene rings, respectively, in one molecule, whereas the corresponding values in the other molecule are 9.30 (15) and 4.84 (15)°. A weak intramolecular C—H...N interaction with an S(6) ring motif is observed in each molecule. In the crystal, the independent molecules are each linked through N—H...N hydrogen bonds and weak C—H...N interactions into ribbons along the c axis. The ribbons are further linked together by weak C—H...N, C—H...π and π–π [centroid–centroid distances = 3.572 (2)–3.884 (2) Å] interactions

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Certain Oximes, Hydrazones, and Olefins Derived from β-Keto Sulfones

A new series of β-keto sulfone derivatives containing oximes 4a–e, hydrazones 5a, b, and chalcones 7a–d were prepared using microwave irradiation (MWI) by the reaction of β-keto sulfones 3 with hydroxyl amine, hydrazines, and aromatic aldehydes, respectively. The comparative study between microwave irradiation and conventional syntheses showed that MWI is effective in the synthesis of the title compounds through shortening of the reaction time and improvements in their yields. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established under the basis of their spectral data and X-ray single crystal analysis of compound 5a. The crystal of 5a belongs to triclinic space group P-1, with a=5.7735   (2) Å, b=9.3224   (3) Å, c=13.1696   (5) Å, α=76.411   (1)°, β=89.571   (1)°, γ=79.9380   (9)°, Z=2,   V=677.97   (4) Å3, Dc=1.513 Mg m−3, μ=0.44 mm−1, F(000)=320, R=0.026, and wR=0.070 for 2690 observed reflections with I>2σ(I)