現代雑誌70誌における漢字の使用実態と常用漢字表 : 国語施策へのコーパス活用に向けた基礎調査

国立国語研究所国立国語研究所The National Institute for Japanese LanguageThe National Institute for Japanese Language本稿の目的は,今後構築される大規模コーパスを国語施策にどのように活用していくか,そのためにはどのようなコーパスを構築する必要があるかについて,具体的な検討材料を提供することにある。そのため,現代雑誌70誌における漢字の使用実態に基づいて,常用漢字表の持つ漢字使用の目安としての機能を検証し,必要な見直しの方向を探った。具体的には,「現代雑誌200万字言語調査」を利用して,常用漢字・表外漢字の出現状況,表外音訓・表外漢字の音訓の出現状況について報告した。その結果,上位2,000字における常用漢字の出現状況,及び表内音訓の出現状況から,調査対象となった1994年の時点では,常用漢字表が,頻度の面からも,音訓使用の面からも,漢字使用の目安として機能していたことが明らかになった。しかし,その一方で高頻度の表外漢字や表外訓があることなどから,漢字使用の実態とは若干のずれも見られた。さらに,「現代雑誌200万字言語調査」の結果に基づいて常用漢字表を見直す場合,常用漢字に新たに追加する音訓の候補があるか,常用漢字表に新たに追加する漢字の候補があるかについて議論した。The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of a preliminary study that will serve as a basis for the application of text corpora to Japanese language policy, with the particular goal of revising Jōyō Kanji, the list of kanji recommended for use in contemporary written Japanese together with their standard on (Sino-Japanese) and kun (native Japanese) readings. Based on current patterns of kanji use in seventy contemporary magazines, we assess the suitability of Jōyō Kanji as the standard of kanji use in Japanese society, and discuss necessary revisions. The details of the study are as follows: (1) Using data from the Linguistic Survey of Contemporary Magazines conducted in 1994, we analyzed the usage frequency of Jōyō and non-Jōyō kanji, both as total frequencies and as partial frequencies categorized according to their standard and non-standard readings. Judging from the frequencies of Jōyō and non-Jōyō kanji in the list of the two thousand most-frequent kanji, Jōyō Kanji can be said to have fulfilled their function as the standard of kanji use in 1994, although some deviations such as high frequency non-Jōyō kanji and non-standard kun readings of Jōyō kanji were also observed. (2) On the basis of the analysis mentioned above, we discuss how revision of Jōyō Kanji might be carried out: what kanji and kanji readings should be considered for addition to, or deletion from, the list

Clinical benefit of readministration of gefitinib for initial gefitinib-responders with non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Gefitinib, an oral agent of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has a certain efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several predictive factors of gefitinib sensitivity have been well described. However, few studies have investigated the clinical features of gefitinib-responders. In the present study, we analyzed the response and disease progression of primary and metastatic lesions to gefitinib in responders and the results of gefitinib readministration following temporary cessation of gefitinib upon progression of initial gefitinib treatment and other treatments. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical courses of 27 NSCLC patients who received gefitinib and achieved either a complete or partial response. RESULTS: The best-response rate and disease-control rate against the initial chemotherapy for the gefitinib-responders were 27.3% and 77.3%, respectively. Favorable efficacy was observed in the primary lesion and metastases to the lung, liver and brain, while there was no obvious effect on bone metastasis. The primary lesion and intrapulmonary metastasis were the sites of major recurrence. Median progression-free survival was 13.8 months, median duration of gefitinib treatment was 17.0 months and median overall survival was 29.2 months. Some of the patients who experienced disease progression after responding to gefitinib were again sensitive to readministration of gefitinib following temporary cessation of gefitinib and other treatments. CONCLUSION: Patients may still be expected to have prolonged survival if they once responded to gefitinib and then underwent various subsequent treatments followed by readministration of gefitinib. These findings might provide valuable information for the management of gefitinib-responders

Clinical benefit of readministration of gefitinib for initial gefitinib-responders with non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: Gefitinib, an oral agent of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has a certain efficacy against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several predictive factors of gefitinib sensitivity have been well described. However, few studies have investigated the clinical features of gefitinib-responders. In the present study, we analyzed the response and disease progression of primary and metastatic lesions to gefitinib in responders and the results of gefitinib readministration following temporary cessation of gefitinib upon progression of initial gefitinib treatment and other treatments. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical courses of 27 NSCLC patients who received gefitinib and achieved either a complete or partial response. RESULTS: The best-response rate and disease-control rate against the initial chemotherapy for the gefitinib-responders were 27.3% and 77.3%, respectively. Favorable efficacy was observed in the primary lesion and metastases to the lung, liver and brain, while there was no obvious effect on bone metastasis. The primary lesion and intrapulmonary metastasis were the sites of major recurrence. Median progression-free survival was 13.8 months, median duration of gefitinib treatment was 17.0 months and median overall survival was 29.2 months. Some of the patients who experienced disease progression after responding to gefitinib were again sensitive to readministration of gefitinib following temporary cessation of gefitinib and other treatments. CONCLUSION: Patients may still be expected to have prolonged survival if they once responded to gefitinib and then underwent various subsequent treatments followed by readministration of gefitinib. These findings might provide valuable information for the management of gefitinib-responders

XTSS Builder: Graphical User Interface Builder for XTSS

We developed the graphical user interface (GUI) builder for XTSS， XTSS Buidler， which is a GUI system for Building GUI applications described by XTSS (X Toolkit Service System). XTSS language is a simple but a powerful one for integrating textual applications on the GUI environment and similar to the X Toolkit functions. Yet， it is hard to describe XTSS program for novice users. So， we provided XTSS Builder for them. XTSS Builder consists of two parts: Creator and Analyzer. Creator is used for con-structing XTSS applications. Users can select a widget class from the widget class tree of Athena widget， place it to the user's widget tree. Creator generates XTSS program automatically from the user's tree， and realizes the GUI. Users can also select the attribute of the widget and set the value to it. Analyzer is used for reconstructing the GUI application which was not coded by XTSS. Users can easily generate XTSS program by only pressing the mouse button on the GUI application. Users can also modify it visually， if they load the program on Creator

The whole blood transcriptional regulation landscape in 465 COVID-19 infected samples from Japan COVID-19 Task Force

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19患者由来の血液細胞における遺伝子発現の網羅的解析 --重症度に応じた遺伝子発現の変化には、ヒトゲノム配列の個人差が影響する--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-23.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently-emerged infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths, where comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms is still unestablished. In particular, studies of gene expression dynamics and regulation landscape in COVID-19 infected individuals are limited. Here, we report on a thorough analysis of whole blood RNA-seq data from 465 genotyped samples from the Japan COVID-19 Task Force, including 359 severe and 106 non-severe COVID-19 cases. We discover 1169 putative causal expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) including 34 possible colocalizations with biobank fine-mapping results of hematopoietic traits in a Japanese population, 1549 putative causal splice QTLs (sQTLs; e.g. two independent sQTLs at TOR1AIP1), as well as biologically interpretable trans-eQTL examples (e.g., REST and STING1), all fine-mapped at single variant resolution. We perform differential gene expression analysis to elucidate 198 genes with increased expression in severe COVID-19 cases and enriched for innate immune-related functions. Finally, we evaluate the limited but non-zero effect of COVID-19 phenotype on eQTL discovery, and highlight the presence of COVID-19 severity-interaction eQTLs (ieQTLs; e.g., CLEC4C and MYBL2). Our study provides a comprehensive catalog of whole blood regulatory variants in Japanese, as well as a reference for transcriptional landscapes in response to COVID-19 infection

DOCK2 is involved in the host genetics and biology of severe COVID-19

「コロナ制圧タスクフォース」COVID-19疾患感受性遺伝子DOCK2の重症化機序を解明 --アジア最大のバイオレポジトリーでCOVID-19の治療標的を発見--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-08-10.Identifying the host genetic factors underlying severe COVID-19 is an emerging challenge. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 2, 393 cases of COVID-19 in a cohort of Japanese individuals collected during the initial waves of the pandemic, with 3, 289 unaffected controls. We identified a variant on chromosome 5 at 5q35 (rs60200309-A), close to the dedicator of cytokinesis 2 gene (DOCK2), which was associated with severe COVID-19 in patients less than 65 years of age. This risk allele was prevalent in East Asian individuals but rare in Europeans, highlighting the value of genome-wide association studies in non-European populations. RNA-sequencing analysis of 473 bulk peripheral blood samples identified decreased expression of DOCK2 associated with the risk allele in these younger patients. DOCK2 expression was suppressed in patients with severe cases of COVID-19. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis (n = 61 individuals) identified cell-type-specific downregulation of DOCK2 and a COVID-19-specific decreasing effect of the risk allele on DOCK2 expression in non-classical monocytes. Immunohistochemistry of lung specimens from patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia showed suppressed DOCK2 expression. Moreover, inhibition of DOCK2 function with CPYPP increased the severity of pneumonia in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, characterized by weight loss, lung oedema, enhanced viral loads, impaired macrophage recruitment and dysregulated type I interferon responses. We conclude that DOCK2 has an important role in the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19, and could be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target

Delivering the goods : Entrepreneurship and innovation in a Japanese Corporation

218 p. : il; 23 c