The Protection of Whistle-blowers within the Latest Initiatives of the Council of Europe

The protection of whistle-blowers under the Article 10 of ECHR has faced a lot of com-plex problems, which had been a result from the implications of ICT`s development and change of the media environment. The COE is involved in a worldwide debate about changes taking places in a contemporary legal system in the context of the protection of human rights. Therefore, the review of the latest legal initiatives (resolutions, recommendations, etc.) as well as other activities in the field concerned might be helpful to put the question-able issues.As the article is of the introductory character, further analysis is required. Within the human rights approach, it should concern, in particular the legal status of the whistle-blower and the issues, pertaining to legal and alternative ways of her/his protection

Study of an anti-GnRF vaccine as a more welfare friendly method of castration for ram lambs

Castration of male lambs is performed in all major sheep producing counties as a standard management practice. The reasons to castrate may be different and will depend on the size and type of the farm. Castration gives more control over genetics of the flock, stops inbreeding, unwanted pregnancies and behaviours. It also gives improved carcass characteristics. However, it has been shown that castration is painful and distressing to the animals. Different techniques are used to castrate sheep at the present time such as rubber ring, Burdizzo, combined, short scrotum, and surgical castration. Due to changing attitudes towards animal pain and unnecessary suffering there is a need for further development and implementation of new castration methods, efficient pain assessment techniques, animal welfare codes of practice and legislative requirements to improve lamb well-being. Recent increase of public concern regarding animal welfare is putting pressure on many government bodies to strengthen research in this area and increase attempts to regulate by law unnecessary suffering during standard livestock management practices. Immunocastration with an anti-GnRF vaccine has the potential to be an alternative to common physical castration methods. Nonetheless there is little or no information about the impact of vaccination against GnRF on the physiology of lambs (rams’ reproductive tract, endocrine regulation), emotionality (possible changes to normal behavioural patterns like increased aggression, anxiety) and health (is the vaccine safe to be used and if there are any adverse effects of vaccination like tissue damage, swelling, lesions etc.). There is also little or no information on how the vaccine affects sheep at the time of injection. This study investigates three main questions: Is Immunocastration a pain free alternative to traditional physical methods of castration? Is Immunocastration safe and practical to use? Does Immunocastration influence the male reproductive system in a way to achieve sterility without any negative impact on the ram natural behaviours, wellbeing and health

Synthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Study of Gallium-68- and Lutetium-177-Labeled VEGF-A165/NRP-1 Complex Inhibitors Based on Peptide A7R and Branched Peptidomimetic

Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a surface receptor found on many types of cancer cells. The overexpression of NRP-1 and its interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor-165 (VEGF165) are associated with tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, compounds that block the VEGF165/NRP-1 interaction represent a promising strategy to image and treat NRP-1-related pathologies. The aim of the presented work was to design and synthesize radioconjugates of two known peptide-type inhibitors of the VEGF165/NRP-1 complex: A7R peptide and its shorter analog, the branched peptidomimetic Lys(hArg)-Dab-Pro-Arg. Both peptide-type inhibitors were coupled to a radionuclide chelator (DOTA) via a linker (Ahx) and so radiolabeled with Ga-68 and Lu-177 radionuclides, for diagnostic and therapeutic uses, respectively. The synthesized radioconjugates were tested for their possible use as theranostic-like radiopharmaceuticals for the imaging and therapy of cancers that overexpress NRP-1. The obtained results indicate good efficiency of the radiolabeling reaction and satisfactory stability, at least 3t1/2 for the 68Ga- and 1t1/2 for the 177Lu-radiocompounds, in solutions mimicking human body fluids. However, enzymatic degradation of both the studied inhibitors caused insufficient stability of the radiocompounds in human serum, indicating that further modifications are needed to sufficiently stabilize the peptidomimetics with inhibitory properties against VEGF165/NRP-1 complex formation

Child protection in cyberspace

The aim of this article is to review main issues connected with the protection of a child in the cyberspace. It indicates the issue of the scientific discourse within the key terms: cyberspace and security of an underage in the online and offline environment. In the context of his position as mass media recipient and an user of cyberspace, several threats have been indicated and allocated to two basic categories: of macro-social and individual character. Premises shaping the systems of child’s security in the cyberspace have been indicated and the use of legal instruments and alternative methods in terms of specific security threats has been noted. Ultimately, current challenges to increase the effectiveness of providing security in the cyberspace for an underage were formulated

Opposite roles of Rad5 in DNA damage tolerance: playing in both error-free and mutagenic lesion bypass

ABSTRACT DNA Damage Tolerance (DDT) functions to bypass replication-blocking lesions and is divided into two distinct pathways: error-prone Translesion Synthesis (TLS) and error-free Damage Avoidance (DA). Rad5 is a a multifunctional protein that is involved in these DDT processes. Rad5 contains three well defined domains: a RING domain that promotes PCNA polyubiquitination, a ssDNA-dependent ATPase/helicase domain, and a Rev1-binding domain. Both the RING domain and the ATPase/helicase domain are conserved in human Rad5 ortholog HLTF. In this study we used domain-specific mutants to address the contribution of each of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad5 functions to lesion tolerance. Using an assay based on the insertion of a single lesion into a defined locus in the genome of a living yeast cell, we demonstrate that Rad5 plays two opposite roles in lesion tolerance: i) Rad5 favors error-free lesion bypass by activating template switching through polyubiquitination of PCNA; ii) Rad5 is required for TLS by recruiting the TLS polymerase Rev1. We also show that the helicase activity does not play any role in lesion tolerance

Protection of The Child Victim from Repeated Interviewing – Conciderations in The Light of The Qualitative Research Results

Celem artykułu jest analiza praktyki stosowania zasady jednokrotnego przesłuchania wyrażonej w art. 185a Kodeksu postępowania karnego, która gwarantuje małoletniemu pokrzywdzonemu ochronę przed negatywnymi skutkami udziału w czynności. Badanie przeprowadzono w marcu i kwietniu 2020 r. metodą indywidualnego wywiadu telefonicznego wśród 19 sędziów z wydziałów karnych sądów rejonowych i okręgowych oraz 12 biegłych psychologów. Do powtórnych przesłuchań dochodzi, gdy zawnioskuje o to oskarżony, który nie miał obrońcy w czasie pierwszego przesłuchania, lub gdy wyjdą na jaw nowe istotne okoliczności, których wyjaśnienie wymaga ponownego przesłuchania. Według respondentów do takiej sytuacji często dochodzi w wyniku przesłuchania małoletniego w fazie in rem postępowania przygotowawczego. Badani są przeciwni powtórnemu przesłuchiwaniu małoletnich świadków przestępstw. Aby uniknąć konieczności powtarzania czynności, sędziowie stosują różne strategie, chociaż nie zawsze są przekonani, czy są one efektywne i zapewnią małoletnim pokrzywdzonym ochronę również na kolejnych etapach postępowania karnego.The aim of the article is to analyse the practice of applying the principle of single interview, expressed in The Article 185 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which guarantees protection of a child witness of a crime against the negative effects of participation in the proceeding. The study was conducted using the method of individual telephone interview in March and April 2020 among 19 judges from the criminal departments of district and regional courts and 12 expert witnesses. Repeated interviewing takes place when the accused, who did not have a defense attorney during the first interview, requests it or when new, previously unknown circumstances come to light. According to the respondents, such a situation often takes place as a result of the minor being interviewed at the preparatory stage of the proceedings. The respondents are against repeated interviewing of child witnesses. To avoid repetition, judges use different strategies, although they are not always convinced that the strategies are effective and will ensure protection for child witness also at subsequent stages of criminal proceedings

iDamage: a method to integrate modified DNA into the yeast genome

International audienceIn order to explore the mechanisms employed by living cells to deal with DNA alterations, we have developed a method by which we insert a modified DNA into a specific site of the yeast genome. This is achieved by the site-specific integration of a modified plasmid at a chosen locus of the genome of Saccha-romyces cerevisiae, through the use of the Cre/lox recombination system. In the present work, we have used our method to insert a single UV lesion into the yeast genome, and studied how the balance between error-free and error-prone lesion bypass is regulated. We show that the inhibition of homologous recombi-nation, either directly (by the inactivation of Rad51 re-combinase) or through its control by preventing the polyubiquitination of PCNA (ubc13 mutant), leads to a strong increase in the use of Trans Lesion Synthesis (TLS). Such regulatory aspects of DNA damage tolerance could not have been observed with previous strategies using plasmid or randomly distributed DNA lesions, which shows the advantage of our new method. The very robust and precise integration of any modified DNA at any chosen locus of the yeast genome that we describe here is a powerful tool that will enable the exploration of many biological processes related to replication and repair of modified DNA

“It is important to have a good life”. The adolescents with mild intellectual disability about themselves, their values and dreams

Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje próbę scharakteryzowania preferowanych wartości, marzeń oraz mocnych i słabych stron młodzieży z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną uczęszczającej do zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej w Krakowie. Artykuł zawiera teoretyczne podstawy badań własnych, analizę wyników oraz podsumowanie. Zaprezentowano, w jaki sposób badana młodzież postrzega swoje wady i zalety. Ukazano, że marzenia badanych bazują na wartościach, które są dla nich ważne. Wskazano, że młodzież z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną marzy przede wszystkim o bliskich relacjach z drugim człowiekiem oraz o sukcesie zawodowym. Artykuł wskazuje na istotne znaczenie wiedzy o wartościach i marzeniach uczniów z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w procesie rehabilitacji.This article is according to prefer values, dreams and self-esteem of adolescents with mild intellectual disability who are learning in vocational school. The article contains the theoretical basis of own research, analysis of results and a summary. This article involves reports about prefer values and dreams of adolescents with mild intellectual disability who are learning in vocational school. It was presented how the examined youth perceives their advantages and disadvantages. Research shows that dreams of young people with mild intellectual disability pertain to close relationships with other people with intellectual disability and professional success. The article shows the importance of knowledge about the values and dreams of students with intellectual disabilities in the process of rehabilitation

Transmigration of mandibular canine : case report

Background: Transmigration is a phenomenon of movement of an unerupted tooth in the bone across the midline. This anomaly is not often found. Transmigration is more prevalent in females than in males, and more often encountered in the mandible than maxilla, it affects mostly canines. Case Report: The aim of this study was to present a case report of a mandibular canine transmigration in a patient aged 12. Intraoral examination determined hypodontia of right second premolar and delayed eruption of left second premolar in maxilla, as well as persistent deciduous teeth: right second molar, left canine and second molar. The patient was referred for a Cone-Beam CT examination, which allowed precise visualization of the transmigrating canine as well as ruled out resorption of roots of mandibular incisors. Results: The treatment with a maxillary fixed orthodontic appliance was finished after obtaining a satisfactory result. Proper alignment of the incisors in the anterior-posterior plane and correct midline position were accepted by the patient. Transmigrating canine after consultation with the surgeon was designed to further radiological observation