Etudes structurales et biochimiques de la γ-kétol réductase chloroplastique d'Arabidopsis thaliana : caractérisation d’une nouvelle classe de « Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase » impliquée dans la détoxification.

Under the influence of the oxidative stress, the production of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is increased. These compounds can react with various biological molecules like free polyunsaturated fatty acids or derived from lipids producting hydroperoxides of fatty acids. In chloroplast, these molecules are subject to numerous enzymatic or chemical modifications resulting in oxylipins. Oxylipins participate in cell signaling (precursors of the way of the jasmonate for example), or in the defense of the plant (antimicrobial activity). However some of them are very reactive and toxic so they are metabolized in less reactive molecules by oxidoreduction reactions.The ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) and IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) of Arabidopsis thaliana are chloroplast oxidoreductases involved in the plant detoxification. They are transported through the envelope of the chloroplast without cleavage of their transit peptide by an alternative import pathway of TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts and Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). In order to better understand their roles, we studied their enzymatic properties and structures.IEP32 was purified and crystallized. The structures apo-ceQORH and bound to the NADPH/ NADP + with inhibitors were determined using X-ray crystallography. The analysis allowed us to show that ceQORH exists under different oligomerization states what was confirmed by results of analytical ultracentrifugation. The NADPH binding to the Rossmann fold induces the monomerization. The catalytic site is large and hydrophobic allowing to ceQORH to reduce many α, β-unsaturated carbonyls of various chain lengths. CeQORH was shown to reduce with high efficiency the reactive double bond of γ-ketols that's why we propose to rename ceQORH by “γ- ketol reductase”.Keywords: chloroplast – Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase – γ-ketol reductase – oxylipins – oligomerization state – inhibition – X-ray crystallography – analytical ultracentrifugationSous l'effet du stress oxydatif, la production des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO) est accrue. Les ERO peuvent réagir avec différentes molécules biologiques dont les acides gras polyinsaturés libres ou provenant des lipides membranaires engendrant la formation d'hydroperoxydes d'acides gras. Dans le chloroplaste, ces molécules sont sujettes à de nombreuses modifications enzymatiques ou chimiques aboutissant à la formation d'oxylipines. Les oxylipines participent à la signalisation cellulaire (précurseurs de la voie du jasmonate par exemple), à la défense de la plante (activité antimicrobienne par exemple). Certaines de ces molécules très réactives et toxiques doivent être métabolisées en des produits moins réactifs, par des réactions d'oxydoréduction par exemple.La ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) et IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) d'Arabidopsis thaliana sont des oxydoréductases chloroplastiques impliquées dans la détoxification de la plante. Elles sont transportées au travers de l'enveloppe du chloroplaste sans clivage de leur peptide de transit par une voie d'import alternative à la voie TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts et Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). Ces particularités ont fait de la ceQORH et d'IEP32 des enzymes intéressantes à étudier.IEP32 a été purifiée et cristallisée. Les structures de la ceQORH sous forme apo, liée au NADPH et liée au NADP+ et à des inhibiteurs ont été déterminées en utilisant la cristallographie aux rayons X. Leur analyse a permis de mettre en évidence que la ceQORH existe sous différents états oligomériques dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées. Ces observations ont été confirmées par des expériences d'ultracentrifugation analytique. La ceQORH est une enzyme monomérique qui lie le NADPH par l'intermédiaire de son domaine de Rossmann . Le site catalytique, large et hydrophobe, permet à la ceQORH d'accommoder et de réduire un grand nombre de substrat dont le motif commun est la présence d'une fonction alcène en α, β d'un groupement carbonyle. Les constantes d'efficacité et d'affinité étant meilleures pour les γ-kétols que pour les quinones, nous proposons que la ceQORH soit renommée « γ-kétol réductase ».Mots clefs : chloroplaste - Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase - γ-kétol réductase - oxylipines - oligomérisation - inhibition - cristallographie aux rayons X - ultracentrifugation analytiqu

Etudes structurales et biochimiques de la γ-kétol réductase chloroplastique d'Arabidopsis thaliana : caractérisation d’une nouvelle classe de « Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase » impliquée dans la détoxification.

Under the influence of the oxidative stress, the production of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is increased. These compounds can react with various biological molecules like free polyunsaturated fatty acids or derived from lipids producting hydroperoxides of fatty acids. In chloroplast, these molecules are subject to numerous enzymatic or chemical modifications resulting in oxylipins. Oxylipins participate in cell signaling (precursors of the way of the jasmonate for example), or in the defense of the plant (antimicrobial activity). However some of them are very reactive and toxic so they are metabolized in less reactive molecules by oxidoreduction reactions.The ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) and IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) of Arabidopsis thaliana are chloroplast oxidoreductases involved in the plant detoxification. They are transported through the envelope of the chloroplast without cleavage of their transit peptide by an alternative import pathway of TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts and Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). In order to better understand their roles, we studied their enzymatic properties and structures.IEP32 was purified and crystallized. The structures apo-ceQORH and bound to the NADPH/ NADP + with inhibitors were determined using X-ray crystallography. The analysis allowed us to show that ceQORH exists under different oligomerization states what was confirmed by results of analytical ultracentrifugation. The NADPH binding to the Rossmann fold induces the monomerization. The catalytic site is large and hydrophobic allowing to ceQORH to reduce many α, β-unsaturated carbonyls of various chain lengths. CeQORH was shown to reduce with high efficiency the reactive double bond of γ-ketols that's why we propose to rename ceQORH by “γ- ketol reductase”.Keywords: chloroplast – Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase – γ-ketol reductase – oxylipins – oligomerization state – inhibition – X-ray crystallography – analytical ultracentrifugationSous l'effet du stress oxydatif, la production des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO) est accrue. Les ERO peuvent réagir avec différentes molécules biologiques dont les acides gras polyinsaturés libres ou provenant des lipides membranaires engendrant la formation d'hydroperoxydes d'acides gras. Dans le chloroplaste, ces molécules sont sujettes à de nombreuses modifications enzymatiques ou chimiques aboutissant à la formation d'oxylipines. Les oxylipines participent à la signalisation cellulaire (précurseurs de la voie du jasmonate par exemple), à la défense de la plante (activité antimicrobienne par exemple). Certaines de ces molécules très réactives et toxiques doivent être métabolisées en des produits moins réactifs, par des réactions d'oxydoréduction par exemple.La ceQORH (chloroplast envelope Quinone OxydoReductase Homolog) et IEP32 (Inner Envelope Protein 32) d'Arabidopsis thaliana sont des oxydoréductases chloroplastiques impliquées dans la détoxification de la plante. Elles sont transportées au travers de l'enveloppe du chloroplaste sans clivage de leur peptide de transit par une voie d'import alternative à la voie TOC/TIC (Translocon at the Outer envelope membrane of Chloroplasts et Translocon at the Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts). Ces particularités ont fait de la ceQORH et d'IEP32 des enzymes intéressantes à étudier.IEP32 a été purifiée et cristallisée. Les structures de la ceQORH sous forme apo, liée au NADPH et liée au NADP+ et à des inhibiteurs ont été déterminées en utilisant la cristallographie aux rayons X. Leur analyse a permis de mettre en évidence que la ceQORH existe sous différents états oligomériques dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées. Ces observations ont été confirmées par des expériences d'ultracentrifugation analytique. La ceQORH est une enzyme monomérique qui lie le NADPH par l'intermédiaire de son domaine de Rossmann . Le site catalytique, large et hydrophobe, permet à la ceQORH d'accommoder et de réduire un grand nombre de substrat dont le motif commun est la présence d'une fonction alcène en α, β d'un groupement carbonyle. Les constantes d'efficacité et d'affinité étant meilleures pour les γ-kétols que pour les quinones, nous proposons que la ceQORH soit renommée « γ-kétol réductase ».Mots clefs : chloroplaste - Medium chain dehydrogenase/reductase - γ-kétol réductase - oxylipines - oligomérisation - inhibition - cristallographie aux rayons X - ultracentrifugation analytiqu

Analytical ultracentrifugation and preliminary X-ray studies of the chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homologue from Arabidopsis thaliana.

International audienceQuinone oxidoreductases reduce a broad range of quinones and are widely distributed among living organisms. The chloroplast envelope quinone oxidoreductase homologue (ceQORH) from Arabidopsis thaliana binds NADPH, lacks a classical N-terminal and cleavable chloroplast transit peptide, and is transported through the chloroplast envelope membrane by an unknown alternative pathway without cleavage of its internal chloroplast targeting sequence. To unravel the fold of this targeting sequence and its substrate specificity, ceQORH from A. thaliana was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized. Crystals of apo ceQORH were obtained and a complete data set was collected at 2.34 Å resolution. The crystals belonged to space group C2221, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit

Diet Digestibility and Growth Performance of Giant Gouramy Juvenile, Osphronemus Goramy Fed on Diet Supplemented Using Glutamine

Ikan gurami Osphronemus goramy sebagai komoditas unggulan ikan air tawar mempunyai pertumbuhan yang lambat. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengevaluasi penambahan glutamin dengan dosis berbeda dalam pakan terhadap kecernaan pakan dan kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan gurami. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu uji kecernaan pakan dan uji pertumbuhan. Glutamin dengan dosis 0, 1, 2 dan 3% dicampurkan ke dalam pakan uji isoprotein dan isoenergi. Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) ditambahkan dalam pakan uji sebanyak 0,6% sebagai indikator kecernaan. Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah benih ikan gurami dengan bobot awal 2,07±0,00 g, dipelihara dalam akuarium berukuran 50x40x35 cm3 dengan padat tebar 25 ekor per akuarium. Ikan diberi pakan uji dengan frekuensi tiga kali dalam sehari yaitu pada pukul 07.00, 12.00, dan 17.00 WIB secara at satiation. Uji kecernaan pakan dilakukan selama 20 hari menggunakan metode pengumpulan feses yang dilakukan pada hari ketujuh setelah ikan diberi pakan uji. Uji pertumbuhan dilakukan selama 60 hari dan selama pemeliharaan dilakukan pergantian air sebanyak 30% dari volume media pemeliharaan pada pagi hari sebelum pemberian pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan glutamin 3% meningkatkan kecernaan total (73,66±0,18%), kecernaan energi (64,79±0,22%), kecernaan protein (90,57±0,01%), aktivitas enzim protease (6,13±0,02 U g-1 protein) dan lipase (0,86±0,01 U g-1 protein) serta kadar glikogen hati (6,86±0,17mg g-1 sampel). Penambahan glutamin 2% meningkatkan efisiensi pakan (88,75±2,54%), laju pertumbuhan harian (4,25±0,07%) dan retensi protein (47,19±0,77%). Disimpulkan bahwa penambahan glutamin dosis 2-3% dalam pakan dapat meningkatkan kecernaan pakan dan kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan gurami

A note on conductivity and charge diffusion in holographic flavour systems

We analyze the charge diffusion and conductivity in a Dp/Dq holographic setup that is dual to a supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in p+1 dimensions with N_f<< N_c flavour degrees of freedom at finite temperature and nonvanishing U(1) baryon number chemical potential. We provide a new derivation of the results that generalize the membrane paradigm to the present context. We perform a numerical analysis in the particular case of the D3/D7 flavor system. The results obtained support the validity of the Einstein relation at finite chemical potential.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, v2 with minor correction

Social welfare and profit maximization from revealed preferences

Consider the seller's problem of finding optimal prices for her $n$ (divisible) goods when faced with a set of $m$ consumers, given that she can only observe their purchased bundles at posted prices, i.e., revealed preferences. We study both social welfare and profit maximization with revealed preferences. Although social welfare maximization is a seemingly non-convex optimization problem in prices, we show that (i) it can be reduced to a dual convex optimization problem in prices, and (ii) the revealed preferences can be interpreted as supergradients of the concave conjugate of valuation, with which subgradients of the dual function can be computed. We thereby obtain a simple subgradient-based algorithm for strongly concave valuations and convex cost, with query complexity $O(m^2/\epsilon^2)$, where $\epsilon$ is the additive difference between the social welfare induced by our algorithm and the optimum social welfare. We also study social welfare maximization under the online setting, specifically the random permutation model, where consumers arrive one-by-one in a random order. For the case where consumer valuations can be arbitrary continuous functions, we propose a price posting mechanism that achieves an expected social welfare up to an additive factor of $O(\sqrt{mn})$ from the maximum social welfare. Finally, for profit maximization (which may be non-convex in simple cases), we give nearly matching upper and lower bounds on the query complexity for separable valuations and cost (i.e., each good can be treated independently)

Penilaian Aspek Hukum Tata Kelola Hutan Tanaman Rakyat di Kabupaten Barru

This study aims to identify the law products in community plantation forest (HTR) management in Barru and to evaluate the law products according to the principles of good governance. This study assessed all of law products related with community plantation forest that were used as guidelines for management implementation in Barru with the principles of good governance. The results showed that there were18 rules guiding the governance of HTR in Barru consisted of 12 rules made by the central government and 6 rules made by local government. The results of this assessment showed that the legal aspects in the governance of HTR in Barru categorised in the medium category (with a value of 1.81). The four aspects analyzed showed the portrait of the law in the governance of HTR (tenure 1,71; forest land use palnning 1,84; forest management 2,34; and forest revenues and economic incentives 1,31)

INTEGRAL and Swift/XRT observations of IGR~J16460+0849

IGR J16460+0849 is reported in the 3rd IBIS catalog with the shortest exposure of about 10 ks among all the detected sources, which makes it the most interesting target to be investigated with a deeper exposure. We analyze all available observations carried out by the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) on the unidentified source IGR J16460+0849. The data were processed by using the latest version OSA 7.0. In addition we analyze also all the available Swift/XRT data on this source. We find that IGR J16460+0849 has a detection significance of ~ 4.4 sigma in the 20-100 keV band during the observational period between March 2003 and September 2004, when it was exposed by ~ 19 ks. Thereafter the source was not detected anymore, despite an additional exposure of ~ 271 ks. This suggests a flux variability on a timescale of years. The spectral analysis shows that the IBIS/ISGRI data are well presented by a power-law shape, with a photon index obtained as 1.45+-0.86. So far, the source has been detected consistently by IBIS/ISGRI in the subsequent observations and in the adjacent energy bands. We have analyzed the Swift/XRT observations on IGR J16460+0849 as well, and found no source inside the IBIS/ISGRI error circle. The non-detection during the Swift/XRT observation is consistent with the source having a variable nature.Comment: published in A&