Effects of Ambient Tropospheric Ozone on Mr-219 Rice in the Muda Irrigation Scheme Area

Rice, the most important crop in Malaysia contributes about one-third of daily calorie intake among Malaysians, and it is the primary source of carbohydrates. As in many other developing countries in Asia, food security has been an integral national policy objective in Malaysia's development pursuits since the 1950s. The focus of the self-sufficiency programme has been on rice, as it is the staple food for the vast majority of the population. Domestic consumption of rice is projected to increase with increase in population; whereby the increase in production has to come from higher productivity in the existing granary areas since there is no plan to increase the area under paddy cultivation. It has long been recognized that pollutant gases cause significant impacts on crops and forests in both developed and developing countries. Tropospheric ozone (03) is recognised as the pollutant most likely to cause widespread crop damage. For this pollutant an AOT40 (accumulative O3 concentration above a threshold of 40 ppb) value causing 5% yield loss for all agricultural crops has been established as 3000 ppb.h, which is applicable during daylight hours over a growing season (UN-ECE, 1996). Comparatively, very few studies of tropospheric ozone impact on vegetation have been conducted in developing countries; majority of which; located along the equatorial belt. This is a serious omission because of the greater importance of this issue in developing countries due to increasing demand for higher crop production in the face of growing populations, rapid deterioration of ambient air quality associated with industrialisation and urbanisation as well as land constrains. Moreover, Malaysia, which is located at the equatorial region, may be at an even greater risk because the climate that is characterised by high temperature and high levels of solar radiation, promote the formation of photochemical pollutants such as 03. For the above purpose, there is a pressing need to determine the actual air pollution impacts on vegetation especially rice plant, which is the main staple food of Malaysia. Forecasting crop yield well before harvest is crucial to enable planners and decision makers to predict how much to import in case of shortfall or optionally, to export in case of surplus. It also enables governments to put in place strategic contingency plans for redistribution of food during times of famine. Therefore, monitoring of crop development and of crop growth, and early yield prediction is very crucial. In order to have a complete estimate of air pollution damage i.e., O3 to paddy plantation area, a dose-response, or yield-loss function have to be developed. In this study, data was gathered from tests in open-top chambers (OTCs), whereby four OTCs were fabricated; two of which were exposed to ambient air pollution (NF) of which ozone is the major perpetrator whilst the remaining were provided with clean air i.e. charcoal filtered air treatment (F). The response of a popular local rice cultivar, MR-219 to current ambient air pollution of which O3 is the overwhelming dominant pollutant was investigated for five successive seasons in Muda Irrigation Scheme Area (MADA); the largest and imperative rice growing area in Malaysia. This method has been widely employed to assess crop yield responses to ozone. The results of the study clearly indicate that at ozone concentrations even lower than the Malaysian air quality guidelines (60 ppb 8 hr mean) level, there exist a significant impact on the growth and yield of the popular rice cultivar MR-219. Even though weeds, diseases, and insect pests were absent, water and nutrients were in abundance, no adverse soil conditions, and that no extreme weather event such as typhoons occurs; the physiological, growth and development performances of rice plants exposed to ambient ozone were found to be significantly (P< 0.05) reduced by AOT40 compared to control rice plants in filtered chamber. This study discovered that the root was the most significantly affected component of MR-219 rice plant. Meanwhile, reproductive stage is the most vulnerable period of growth to ozone impact followed by grain filling and vegetative stages, respectively. For plant growth and development study, yield is the most critical parameter. Statistically, a square root-Y equation epitomize the best fitting compared to other curvilinear models in describing yield reduction of rice plant due to ambient O3 stress (DWFG); represented by the following equation: DWF,= [9.636 - (0.0000303 * AOT~O)].' This study finding is undeniable imperative and it bestows the first algorithmic yield-loss model of crop to ozone in this country, ever

Functions of Representative Speech: Analysis of The Status on Facebook Social Media

This study aims to describe the functions of representative speech used by users of the social media application Facebook. The study uses a descriptive qualitative method, and data is collected through documentation techniques from the social media platform Facebook. The data analyzed in this study includes words, sentences, and paragraphs posted by Facebook users. The results of this study reveal that representative speech has four functions: (1) to state the hopes, principles, aspirations, and beliefs of the speaker, (2) to inform readers or interlocutors about information, events, concepts, and knowledge, (3) to suggest that interlocutors believe, do, or follow something that the speaker has experienced, and (4) to complain about what the speaker is feeling, thinking, or doing and hoping to receive comments, approval, and feedback from interlocutors. This research is relevant to the study of language acts and representative speech on the Facebook social media platform

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH SONG LYRICS BY WESTERN MUSICIANS

This research is conducted in the objective to observe and to describe the use of figurative language in English song lyrics by western musicians and the meaning. As it is assumed that song lyrics are one of several human’s creativities in communicating all of what has kept in their mind through the medium of language use. This research takes the English song lyrics especially written by western musicians as the object of the study. Furthermore, the data for this research is figurative language taken from the English song lyrics written by western musicians. Hence two major problems proposed, which are: (1) what are the types of figurative language used by western musicians in English song lyrics, (2) what are the meanings of figurative language used in English song lyrics by western musicians. In collecting the data, the writer applies the observation and documentation by studying carefully the English song lyrics written by western musicians. And then classifies the data based on the Perrine’s Lawrence theory of figurative language and other scientists that support it. Whereas, in order to elaborate behind the meaning of figurative language utterance in English song lyrics written by western musicians, the writer applies the Leech’s theory of meaning and the Levinson’s theory of speech act and other scientist’s theories that support it. The result of the study indicates that in English song lyrics, western musicians use figurative language dominated by metaphor as their creativity of mind expressions. Besides, the writer also finds other type of figurative language namely; personification, apostrophe, hyperbole, metonymy, irony, symbol and simile. Closely related to the meaning of figurative language in English song lyrics by western musicians, here the writer finds that figuratively western musicians try to convey sharply, meaningfully, ha ve a power, varitype, assertive of their ideas, meaning, feeling, truth, love, imagination expression by taking an object include abstract, concrete, death and live illustrated as they are compared implicitly or explicitly, or by making an overstatement. In addition it is the selfway of the western musician in giving the audience an imaginative pleasure and giving the extra dimension to the language of their mind expression through the song lyrics

Effectiveness of Blended Learning Model Development Educational Evaluation Course

The educational evaluation course is one of the courses in the undergraduate Islamic Religious Education study program. This course teaches theory and practice. The problem in this study is in the form of educational evaluation material with the characteristics of calculating and the mathematical concepts are the main learning difficulties. Educational evaluation learning outcomes have not shown maximum results. By creating a learning material product, this research aims to create a blended learning educational evaluation course and then test the product's effectiveness. The study and development method is the one that is employed. The planning, development, and evaluation phases of the Dick and Carey model are used in this research. Learning design experts, material experts, language experts, and media experts are tested as part of the product testing process. Learning design specialists received an average score of (4.46), followed by material experts (4.44), language experts (4.60), experts in print media (4.82), and experts in non-print media (4.44). (4.58). Following that, 90.91% of one-on-one trials with three pupils were very feasible, followed by 95.28% of small group trials and 96.10% of field trials. After modifications were made based on ideas and advice from experts, the product learning materials are, in conclusion, very practicable to use. The results of the effectiveness test of learning material products revealed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and value post-test in the use of learning modelsblended learning educational evaluation subject in the learning process. The paired sample t test results obtained a p-value = 0.000, which means that the p-value 0.05. The results of the product effectiveness analysis in the form of student learning outcomes seen from the pre-test and post-test showed an increase, the pre-test total score was 334 and the post-test total score was 616. This shows that the learning outcomes have increased scores so that it can be concluded that the material blended learning in educational evaluation courses is proven to be effective in increasing learning outcomes

INTERAKSI VERBAL SEBAGAI PEMBENTUK IDENTITAS PERSONAL DAN KELOMPOK PADA MAHASISWA PASCASRAJANA PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA UMM TAHUN 2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan bentuk interaksi verbal sebagai pembentuk identitas personal dan kelompok. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori interaksi verbal dan bahasa sebagai pembentuk identitas. Sumber data adalah interaksi verbal mahasiswa Pascasarjana Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang angkatan 2015. Data yang digunakan berupa percakapan-percakapan yang terjadi di dalam kelas dan di luar kelas dengan sesama mahasiswa atau dosen. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kualitatif deskriptif dan delapan prinsip tindak tutur Fishman SPEAKING. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan; 1) Identitas personal sangat dipengaruhi oleh etnisitas yang dimiliki oleh mahasiswa, sehingga pembedaannya dilakukan dengan identifikasi berdasarkan kebudayaan yang melatarinya. 2) Identitas kelompok antarmahasiswa dalam satu semester digolongkan menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok agamis dan kelompok netral, sedangkan identitas kelompok dalam dan kelompok luar tidak banyak ditemukan karena atmosfer sosial hanya terfokus pada proses pembelajaran

The Bio-Adsorption Pattern Bacteria Symbiont Sponge Marine Against Contaminants Chromium and Manganese In The Waste Modification of Laboratory Scale

The use of sponge symbionts bacteria as marine biomaterials in the heavy metal bio-adsorption method is an effort to save the marine environment from contamination of heavy metal contaminants. The ocean is a giant container, most vulnerable to contamination of pollutants. The target of the research is to determine the potential, capacity and pattern of bio-adsorption of sponge symbionts bacteria against various pollutants so that the toxic properties of heavy metal contaminants can be minimize. The method used is to interact with the bacterial suspension on the test metal concentrations that have been determined. The parameters measured were optical density, pH and concentration of heavy metals after the interaction lasted several days and the calculation of capacity, efficiency and bio-adsorption patterns of bacterial isolates from sponges. Results: The pattern and bio-adsorption power of AC bacteria to Cr and Mn ions were higher than AC bacteria, the adaptability of AC and BS bacteria was stronger in Cr (III) contaminated media compared to Cr (VI) toxic media, causing bacterial cell population BS and AC in Cr (III) and Mn (II) media are more abundant than in Cr (VI) and Mn (VII) media, capacity and bio-adsorption efficiency of BS and AC bacteria agains Cr (III) ˃ Cr (VI) ions and Mn (II) ˃ Mn (VII), It is suspected that there is an influence of reactivity and toxic properties of the metal ion test on the performance of the sponge symbionts in bio-adsorptio

ANALISIS SITUASIONAL PERSETERUAN KPK DAN POLRI PADA HARIAN KOMPAS (PERSPEKTIF ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS)

Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan analisis situasional perseteruan KPK dan Pori pada Harian Kompas. Keberadaan bahasa di media massa dinilai tidak hanya digunakan sebagai alat untuk menggambarkan sebuah realitas, tetapi juga dapat menentukan gambaran mengenai sebuah persepsi yang akan muncul di benak khalayak. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan ancangan analisis wacana kritis. Data penelitian ini berupa teks berita perseteruan KPK dan Polri yang termuat pada Harian Kompas. Hasil analisis data penelitian menemukan bahwa, situasi perseteruan antara KPK dan Polri menampilkan situasi yang beragam berdasarkan metode penyajian berita dan memanfaatkan bahasa sebagai instrumen untuk menggambarkan situasi-situasi perseteruan antara KPK dan Polri. Berdasarkan analisa secara kritis ditemukan KPK dan Polri dalam berita yaitu; (a) saling melaporkan, (b) saling konfrontasi, (c) saling menyalahkan, (d) saling mencurigai, (e) saling menentang, dan (f) saling meyakinkan khalayak