Autoeficacia y percepción de control en la prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular

From the Theory of Planed Behaviour (TPB), the aim of this study is to analyse the effect of self-efficacy and perceived control on intention and preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease. To this end, 359 participants were evaluated in an empirical study. Data were analysed using the statistical package EQS 6.1. The results indicate that self-efficacy has a positive and significant influence on behaviour intentions and on behaviour, while perception of control has a negative and significant influence on intention but not on behaviour. This work has shown the utility to distinguish between self-efficacy and perceived control in the TPB to prevent cardiovascular diseases

Diseño y validación de la escala de apoyo a la autonomía en educación superior: relación con la competencia laboral del discente

ABSTRACTCurrently, it is necessary to implement new models for the development of teaching competencies as well as the achievement of a transfer to the future professional field of the student. The objectives of this study were two, in the first place, to create and validate the Autonomy Support Scale (EAA) for Higher Education. Secondly, it was proposed to verify the relation between the support to the autonomy of the teacher and the labor competence of the student. A sample of 233 Spanish university students from three Spanish universities with a mean age of 23 years (DT = 3.1) were used to measure the perception of support for autonomy by the teacher and the labor competence. The results of confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of internal consistency and temporal stability were adequate. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between support for autonomy and labor competency. As a conclusion, this study has allowed us to provide a valid and reliable 12-item scale with a single factor that integrates the theoretical contributions pointed out by Reeve (2009, 2016) and can be used to measure the interpersonal style perceived by teachers in Higher Education. In addition, the results encourage the use and testing of active methodologies by the teacher in favor of their implications for the labor future of students.RESUMENEn la actualidad, es una necesidad implementar nuevos modelos para el desarrollo de las competencias docentes así como la consecución de una trasferencia al ámbito profesional futuro del discente. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron dos, en primer lugar, crear y validar la Escala de Apoyo a la Autonomía (EAA) para educación superior. En segundo lugar, se planteó comprobar la relación entre el apoyo a la autonomía del docente y la competencia laboral del discente. Para ello se utilizó una muestra de 233 estudiantes universitarios de nacionalidad española, de tres universidades españolas y con una media de edad de 23 años (DT = 3.1) a los que se le midieron la percepción de apoyo a la autonomía por parte del docente y la competencia laboral. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio, análisis de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal fueron adecuados. Además, se observó una correlación positiva y significativa entre el apoyo a la autonomía y la competencia laboral. Como conclusión, este estudio ha permitido proporcionar una escala válida y fiable de 12 ítems y con un único factor que integra las aportaciones teóricas señaladas por Reeve (2009, 2016) y puede ser utilizada para medir el estilointerpersonal que perciben los estudiantes del docente en educación superior. Además, los resultados animan a utilizar y poner a prueba metodologías activas por parte del docente en pro de sus implicaciones competenciales para el futuro laboral del alumnado.ABSTRACTCurrently, it is necessary to implement new models for the development of teaching competencies as well as the achievement of a transfer to the future professional field of the student. The objectives of this study were two, in the first place, to create and validate the Autonomy Support Scale (EAA) for Higher Education. Secondly, it was proposed to verify the relation between the support to the autonomy of the teacher and the labor competence of the student. A sample of 233 Spanish university students from three Spanish universities with a mean age of 23 years (DT = 3.1) were used to measure the perception of support for autonomy by the teacher and the labor competence. The results of confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of internal consistency and temporal stability were adequate. In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between support for autonomy and labor competency. As a conclusion, this study has allowed us to provide a valid and reliable 12-item scale with a single factor that integrates the theoretical contributions pointed out by Reeve (2009, 2016) and can be used to measure the interpersonal style perceived by teachers in Higher Education. In addition, the results encourage the use and testing of active methodologies by the teacher in favor of their implications for the labor future of students

Quality of working life and job satisfaction in health and educational workers. ¿are there differences?

La mayoría de los estudios sobre la calidad de vida laboral (WLQ) muestran que la satisfacción laboral (JS) es una de las variables más importantes relacionadas con WLQ. Sin embargo, gran parte de la investigación no define con precisión estos dos conceptos y utiliza indistintamente ambos, o entiende la WLQ como una dimensión / determinante de JS, o la JS como una dimensión / determinante de la WLQ. Los numerosos estudios de la década de 1970 no resuelven estas cuestiones. Por lo tanto, es necesario aclarar la relación entre JS y WLQ, particularmente en empreas de servicios. Para hacerlo, realizamos un estudio transversal para establecer: 1) si las características sociodemográficas y laborales implican diferencias entre JS y WLQ; 2) si hay diferencias entre JS y WLQ y si el sector laboral implica alguna diferencia; y 3) si el JS es un buen predictor del WLQ. Método: 395 trabajadores de la salud y empleados educativos de la provincia de Alicante (España) ingresaron al estudio de forma aleatoria. Utilizamos para la recolección de datos un formulario de información (variables sociodemográficas y de trabajo), la Escala de satisfacción en el trabajo de Font-Roja y el Cuestionario de calidad de vida laboral de Cabezas. Resultados: No hubo diferencias en WLQ ni en JS entre hombres y mujeres. Las mujeres solo se sentían más satisfechas que los hombres en relación con la JS asociada con la carga de trabajo. Tampoco hay diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en WLQ. No se encontraron diferencias en JS entre los trabajadores de salud y los empleados de educación, excepto en el caso de la JS asociada con la Presión Laboral (los trabajadores de salud tenían más JS que los empleados de educación). Estos profesionales de la salud también percibían mejor su WLQ. WLQ y JS estaban positivamente relacionados. Los mejores pronosticadores del WLQ fueron el sexo, el sector laboral, JS total y JS relacionados con la competencia laboral, relacionados con la carga de trabajo y relacionados con la presión laboral. Conclusiones: Hemos obtenido resultados empíricos que permiten afirmar que la JS es un determinante importante (pero no una dimensión) de la WLQ y que estas dos variables no pueden ser confundidas. En ese sentido, este trabajo ayuda a clarificar los conceptos de WLQ y JS y sus relaciones, en el ámbito específico de las empresas de serviciosMost studies on quality of working life (WLQ) shown that job satisfaction (JS) is one of the most important variables related to WLQ. However, much of the research does not accurately define these two concepts and use indistinctly both of them, or to understand WLQ as a dimension/determinant of JS, or JS as a dimension/determinant of WLQ. Numerous studies from the 1970s do not resolve these questions. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between JS and WLQ, particularly in service companies. For do it, we conducted a cross-sectional study to establish: 1) if socio-demographic and work characteristics imply differences between JS and WLQ; 2) if there are differences between JS and WLQ and if working sector entails any differences; and 3) if the JS is a good predictor of the WLQ. Method: 395 health workers and educational employees of the province of Alicante (Spain) were entered the study through a random mode. We used for data collection an Information form (socio-demographic and work variables), the Font-Roja Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Cabezas Quality of Work Life Questionnaire. Results: There were no differences in WLQ nor JS between men and women. Women felt more satisfied than men only relating to JS associated with the workload do. There were also no differences between men and women in WLQ. Not found differences in JS between health workers and educational workers, except in the case of the JS associated with the Labour Pressure (health workers had more JS than educational workers did). These professionals Health workers also perceived better WLQ. WLQ and JS were positively related. The best predictors of the WLQ are gender, the working sector, total JS, and JS related to Job Competency, related to the workload, and related to work pressure. Conclusions: We have obtained empirical results that allow us to affirm that the JS is an important determinant (but not a dimension) of the WLQ, so these two variables cannot be confused. In this sense, this work helps to clarify the concepts of WLQ and JS and their relationships, in the particular subsector of services companie

Experience sampling methods for the personalised prediction of mental health problems in Spanish university students: protocol for a survey-based observational study within the PROMES-U project

IntroductionThere is a high prevalence of mental health problems among university students. Better prediction and treatment access for this population is needed. In recent years, short-term dynamic factors, which can be assessed using experience sampling methods (ESM), have presented promising results for predicting mental health problems.Methods and analysisUndergraduate students from five public universities in Spain are recruited to participate in two web-based surveys (at baseline and at 12-month follow-up). A subgroup of baseline participants is recruited through quota sampling to participate in a 15-day ESM study. The baseline survey collects information regarding distal risk factors, while the ESM study collects short-term dynamic factors such as affect, company or environment. Risk factors will be identified at an individual and population level using logistic regressions and population attributable risk proportions, respectively. Machine learning techniques will be used to develop predictive models for mental health problems. Dynamic structural equation modelling and multilevel mixed-effects models will be considered to develop a series of explanatory models for the occurrence of mental health problems.Ethics and disseminationThe project complies with national and international regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki and the Code of Ethics, and has been approved by the IRB Parc de Salut Mar (2020/9198/I) and corresponding IRBs of all participating universities. All respondents are given information regarding access mental health services within their university and region. Individuals with positive responses on suicide items receive a specific alert with indications for consulting with a health professional. Participants are asked to provide informed consent separately for the web-based surveys and for the ESM study. Dissemination of results will include peer-reviewed scientific articles and participation in scientific congresses, reports with recommendations for universities’ mental health policy makers, as well as a well-balanced communication strategy to the general public

Evolving trends in the management of acute appendicitis during COVID-19 waves. The ACIE appy II study

Background: In 2020, ACIE Appy study showed that COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the management of patients with acute appendicitis (AA) worldwide, with an increased rate of non-operative management (NOM) strategies and a trend toward open surgery due to concern of virus transmission by laparoscopy and controversial recommendations on this issue. The aim of this study was to survey again the same group of surgeons to assess if any difference in management attitudes of AA had occurred in the later stages of the outbreak. Methods: From August 15 to September 30, 2021, an online questionnaire was sent to all 709 participants of the ACIE Appy study. The questionnaire included questions on personal protective equipment (PPE), local policies and screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection, NOM, surgical approach and disease presentations in 2021. The results were compared with the results from the previous study. Results: A total of 476 answers were collected (response rate 67.1%). Screening policies were significatively improved with most patients screened regardless of symptoms (89.5% vs. 37.4%) with PCR and antigenic test as the preferred test (74.1% vs. 26.3%). More patients tested positive before surgery and commercial systems were the preferred ones to filter smoke plumes during laparoscopy. Laparoscopic appendicectomy was the first option in the treatment of AA, with a declined use of NOM. Conclusion: Management of AA has improved in the last waves of pandemic. Increased evidence regarding SARS-COV-2 infection along with a timely healthcare systems response has been translated into tailored attitudes and a better care for patients with AA worldwide

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Revista española de orientación y psicopedagogía

Título, resumen y palabras clave en español e inglésResumen basado en el de la publicaciónEs una necesidad implementar nuevos modelos para el desarrollo de las competencias docentes así como la consecución de una trasferencia al ámbito profesional futuro del discente. En primer lugar, se crea y valida la Escala de Apoyo a la Autonomía (EAA) para educación superior y en segundo, se plantea comprobar la relación entre el apoyo a la autonomía del docente y la competencia laboral del discente. Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio, análisis de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal son adecuados. Además, se observa una correlación positiva y significativa entre el apoyo a la autonomía y la competencia laboral. Se concluye que se ha permitido proporcionar una escala válida y fiable de 12 ítems y con un único factor que integra las aportaciones teóricas señaladas por Reeve y puede ser utilizada para medir el estilo interpersonal que perciben los estudiantes del docente en educación superior. Se anima a utilizar y poner a prueba metodologías activas por parte del docente en pro de sus implicaciones competenciales para el futuro laboral del alumnado.ES

Factores predictores en la edad de inicio del consumo de alcohol

Existe interés entre los investigadores de la salud pública por predecir los factores que llevan a un inicio precoz en el consumo de alcohol. Objetivo: Establecer un modelo explicativo para la iniciación temprana en el consumo de esta sustancia. Metodología: Se realizó un modelo regresión logística multivariada. Se tomó una muestra de 538 estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizaron como instrumentos dos cuestionarios “ad hoc” (tradiciones sociales y familiares y publicidad) el AUDIT, y un cuestionario de Expectativas y otro de Creencias acerca del consumo de alcohol. Resultados: El modelo encontrado indica que expectativas como: “los hombres pueden tener orgasmos más fácilmente si han tomado”; “el tomar hace más fácil el actuar impulsivamente o tomar decisiones más rápidamente”; las creencias relacionadas con “consumir alcohol me proporciona una mayor potencia sexual o incrementa mi deseo”, “al finalizar el semestre no puede faltar una buena celebración con trago” y las tradiciones familiares como el hábito de beber en la familia y la costumbre darle a probar algún tipo de bebida alcohólica a niños pequeños, logran explicar el 33% de la variabilidad de la probabilidad de inicio temprano de consumo de alcohol. Conclusión: La iniciación temprana en el consumo de alcohol está asociado a algunos aspectos socioculturales, creencias y expectativas favorables al consumo de esta sustancia

Validación de la Escala de "Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas" y del Cuestionario de la "Regulación Conductual en el Deporte" al contexto español

The objective of this paper was to adapt and to validate to the Spanish sport context the Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE) and the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ). The sample was 298 Spanish sportspersons, with a mean of 14 years old. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), internal consistency and correlation analysis were made. The respective CFAs showed that PNSE (÷2 = 222.62, p = .00, ÷2/g.l. = 129, CFI = .91, IFI = .92, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .08) and BRSQ (÷2 = 824.56, p = .00, ÷2/g.l. = 558, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .06) had good values. In the same way, the internal consistency of the respective dimensions was greater than .70. It was observed a positive and significant correlation between the three basic psychological needs, and between these ones and intrinsic motivation (to knowledge, achievement and stimulation), the integrated regulation and identified motivation. On the other hand, the necessity of competency correlated negatively and significantly with demotivation, while the necessity of relationship with others correlated with demotivation, introjected regulation and external regulation. This work has showed two valid and reliable scales for evaluating the satisfaction with the basic psychological needs and the motivation of practitioners of physical and sport activity.El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y validar al contexto deportivo espanol la Escala de Satisfaccion de Necesidades Psicologicas Basicas (PNSE) y el Cuestionario de la Regulacion Conductual (BRSQ). Para ello se utilizo una muestra de 298 deportistas espanoles, con una media de edad de 14 anos. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes analisis factoriales confirmatorios, analisis de consistencia interna y de correlacion. Tras los respectivos analisis factoriales confirmatorios, tanto la PNSE (Ô2 = 222.62, p = .00, Ô2/g.l. = 129, CFI = .91, IFI = .92, TLI = .91, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .08) como la BRSQ (Ô2 = 824.56, p = .00, Ô2/g.l. = 558, CFI = .92, IFI = .91, TLI = .92, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .06) presentaron valores adecuados. De igual forma, la consistencia interna obtenida de las respectivas dimensiones estuvo por encima de .70. Se observo una correlacion positiva y significativa entre las tres necesidades psicologicas basicas, asi como de estas con la motivacion intrinseca (hacia el conocimiento, consecucion y estimulacion), la regulacion integrada y la regulacion identificada. Por su parte, la necesidad de competencia correlaciono de forma negativa y significativa con la desmotivacion, mientras que la necesidad de relacion con los demas lo hizo con la desmotivacion, la regulacion introyectada y la regulacion externa. Este estudio ha permitido proporcionar dos escalas validas y fiables para evaluar la satisfaccion de las necesidades psicologicas basicas y la motivacion de los practicantes de actividad fisica y deportiva