3-D KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CANOEING ON A SIMULATOR: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ELITE, INTERMEDIATE AND NOVICE CANOISTS

Using 3-D kinematic analysis, this paper identified kinematic variables that govern successful performance in canoeing on a simulator. The presence of side-to-side asymmetries in selected linear and angular variables was investigated. Elite, intermediate and novice canoeists participated. Similar to previously results for symmetrical cyclic sport activities like cross-country skiing, running and cycling, elite athletes evidenced higher movement amplitude and a more symmetric behavior compared with intermediate and novice paddlers. The less experienced athletes evidenced more accentuated saddle and pelvis movements in the frontal plane. Aerobic and anaerobic capacities and technical skills developed over years of training may explain the reported difference

A randomized controlled trial on the effects induced by robot-assisted and usual-care rehabilitation on upper limb muscle synergies in post-stroke subjects

Muscle synergies are hypothesized to reflect connections among motoneurons in the spinal cord activated by central commands and sensory feedback. Robotic rehabilitation of upper limb in post-stroke subjects has shown promising results in terms of improvement of arm function and motor control achieved by reassembling muscle synergies into a set more similar to that of healthy people. However, in stroke survivors the potentially neurophysiological changes induced by robot-mediated learning versus usual care have not yet been investigated. We quantified upper limb motor deficits and the changes induced by rehabilitation in 32 post-stroke subjects through the movement analysis of two virtual untrained tasks of object placing and pronation. The sample analyzed in this study is part of a larger bi-center study and included all subjects who underwent kinematic analysis and were randomized into robot and usual care groups. Post-stroke subjects who followed robotic rehabilitation showed larger improvements in axial-to-proximal muscle synergies with respect to those who underwent usual care. This was associated to a significant improvement of the proximal kinematics. Both treatments had negative effects in muscle synergies controlling the distal district. This study supports the definition of new rehabilitative treatments for improving the neurophysiological recovery after stroke

The influence of dopaminergic striatal innervation on upper limb locomotor synergies

To determine the role of striatal dopaminergic innervation on upper limb synergies during walking, we measured arm kinematics in 13 subjects with Parkinson disease. Patients were recruited according to several inclusion criteria to represent the best possible in vivo model of dopaminergic denervation. Of relevance, we included only subjects with normal spatio-temporal parameters of the stride and gait speed to avoid an impairment of upper limbs locomotor synergies as a consequence of gait impairment per se. Dopaminergic innervation of the striatum was measured by FP-CIT and SPECT. All patients showed a reduction of gait-associated arms movement. No linear correlation was found between arm ROM reduction and contralateral dopaminergic putaminal innervation loss. Still, a partition analysis revealed a 80% chance of reduced arm ROM when putaminal dopamine content loss was >47%. A significant correlation was described between the asymmetry indices of the swinging of the two arms and dopaminergic striatal innervation. When arm ROM was reduced, we found a positive correlation between upper-lower limb phase shift modulation (at different gait velocities) and striatal dopaminergic innervation. These findings are preliminary evidence that dopaminergic striatal tone plays a modulatory role in upper-limb locomotor synergies and upper-lower limb coupling while walking at different velocities

Analysis of relative displacement between the HX wearable robotic exoskeleton and the user’s hand

BACKGROUND: Advances in technology are allowing for the production of several viable wearable robotic devices to assist with activities of daily living and with rehabilitation. One of the most pressing limitations to user satisfaction is the lack of consistency in motion between the user and the robotic device. The displacement between the robot and the body segment may not correspond because of differences in skin and tissue compliance, mechanical backlash, and/or incorrect fit. FINDINGS: This report presents the results of an analysis of relative displacement between the user’s hand and a wearable exoskeleton, the HX. HX has been designed to maximize comfort, wearability and user safety, exploiting chains with multiple degrees-of-freedom with a modular architecture. These appealing features may introduce several uncertainties in the kinematic performances, especially when considering the anthropometry, morphology and degree of mobility of the human hand. The small relative displacements between the hand and the exoskeleton were measured with a video-based motion capture system, while the user executed several different grips in different exoskeleton modes. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis furnished quantitative results about the device performance, differentiated among device modules and test conditions. In general, the global relative displacement for the distal part of the device was in the range 0.5–1.5 mm, while within 3 mm (worse but still acceptable) for displacements nearest to the hand dorsum. Conclusions over the HX design principles have been drawn, as well as guidelines for future developments. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-147) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Tridimensional kinematic analysis on a kayaking simulator : key factors to successful performance

The aim of this study was to identify the kinematic variables contributing to successful performance in kayaking using a kayak simulator and three-dimensional kinematic analysis. In addition, the presence of side-to-side asymmetries in selected linear and angular variables was investigated. Methods Five \ue9lite, four intermediate and six novice paddlers participated in this study. The subjects performed on a paddling simulator near their race pace. Three-dimensional coordinates of 17 anatomical landmarks were acquired at 100 Hz on an automatic motion analyser equipped with seven video cameras. Results \uc9lite paddlers showed a significantly higher (absolute and relative to arm length) paddling amplitude than the other two groups, with no significant difference in anthropometric dimensions. In addition, they demonstrated a significantly lower level of asymmetry in some joint angles with respect to novice and intermediate paddlers. In contrast, less-experienced paddlers (novice and intermediate) showed more accentuated saddle and pelvis movements in the frontal plane. Conclusion Similar to previously findings in other symmetrical cyclic sporting activities (cross-country skiing, running), \ue9lite paddlers showed higher movement amplitude than intermediate and novice kayakers. Muscle strength and technical skills developed during training may explain the differences found