Error in Measurement of Visual Field Caused by False Eyelashes: A Case Report

Many cosmetic enhancements to the natural appearance of the eyes are readily available today.A relatively popular form of eye beauty enhancement is false (fake) cosmetic eyelashes and veyelash extensions. Due to the increasing popularity of these cosmetic products, it is essential for ophthalmologists to be aware of their potential risks and complications. Here we report a case of error in measurement of visual field caused by false eyelashes.Keywords: Eyelashes; Cosmetics; Visual Fields

Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss in Glaucoma Treatment Procedures: A Brief Review

AbstractGlaucoma surgeons should be careful about damage to the corneal endothelial cells during glaucoma surgeries particularly during glaucoma drainage device implantation. The patients should be monitored for possible corneal decompensation. Also shunt procedures should be performed with a wider tube corneal angle to avoid possible endothelial cell damage. Here we briefly review corneal endothelial cell loss in different glaucoma treatment methods.Keywords: Cornea; Endothelial Cell Loss; Glaucoma; Review

Elevated Intraocular Pressure after Pars Plana Vitrectomy: A Review

Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a well-known complication after pars plana vitrectomy with or without tamponade. The mechanism of increase in IOP can be open angle, closed angle or both. Oxidative stress is hypothesized to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of post vitrectomy elevated IOP and the presence of the lens probably has a protective role. The use of silicone oil and intraocular gases as tamponade is related to higher risk of post-operative elevated IOP and causes longer-term IOP elevation. Anti-inflammatory agents, mydriatics, anti-glaucoma medications especially aqueous suppressants, glaucoma surgery and laser procedures might be used for controlling post vitrectomy elevated IOP. Glaucoma shunt implantation and cyclodestructive procedures are the most important surgeries performed for treatment of uncontrolled intraocular pressure after vitrectomy

Diseases Treated With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy; a Literature Review

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) is defined as the inhalation of 100% oxygen inside a hyperbaric chamber that is pressurized to greater than 1 atmosphere (Atm). Typical HBO regimens use 1.5 to 2.5 Atm pressure for durations of 30 to 90 minutes, repeated multiple times. The time between and the total number of repeat sessions varies widely. The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treatment of some diseases such as intravascular emboli, decompression sickness, anaerobic infections, CO poisoning was confirmed. For some diseases, such as traumatic brain injuries, the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as described by investigators is controversial. Chinese authors have reported many articles regarding treatment of neonatal hypoxia with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, but in other points of the world, this depth of experience does not exist. Recently, some other diseases, such as purpura fulminans, and pancreatitis, have been treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In conclusion, if equipment for hyperbaric oxygen therapy is available, many patients will benefit by this method of treatment

Prevention of Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Section: Preload with Crystalloids or Hydroxyethyl Starch

Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section avoids maternal and fetal side effects. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of prehydration with crystalloid and prehydration with Hydroxyethyl starch on maternal blood pressure and neonatal outcome during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. We enrolled 72 full term women weighting between 50 and 85 Kg, classified as ASA I, scheduled for elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Participants were randomly allocated equally to one of crystalloid or Hydroxyethyl starch (Voluven) groups. After arrival in the operating room and intravenous (IV) access, 500 ml of ringer solution was infused within 10-15 min before the initiation of the spinal block in the crystalloid group, but in the Voluven group, 500 ml of 6% Hydroxyethyl starch solution was infused to the patients. Hypotension occurred in 47.2% of patients in crystalloid group and 25% of patients in Voluven  group and the statistical difference between two groups was meaningful.(P = 0.008). The incidence of nausea was %41.6 (15 patients) in crystalloid group vs %22.2 (8 patients) in Voluven group. Apgar scores in newborns in both groups were above 8. As conclusion, prophylactic prehydration with Hydroxyethyl starch was more effective than prehydration with crystalloid in the prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section

Adverse Effects of Diclofenac after Cesarean Section: A Case Report

A 27-year-old nullipara, 38 weeks pregnant, was admitted for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Past medical history was unremarkable. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 10 mg of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine. Ephedrine 10 mg was added to Ringer solution for prevention of hypotension. Hemodynamic parameters were normal and stable during surgery. Several hours later, the patient asked for analgesic drug and two 100mg diclofenac suppositories were administered. Three hours later, the patient suffered from an extensive and cramping abdominal pain. The pain was located in the right upper quadrant and radiated to the right infrascapular region. Electrocardiogram obtained was normal. Intravenous pantoprazole and oral anti-acid were administered, but no decease in pain was seen after fifteen minutes. Subsequently, a sublingual nitoglycerine perle was administered and the intensity of pain was decreased significantly. The diagnosis of Oddi spasm was assumed

Efficacy of a Novel Rotary System in Reduction of Intracanal Bacteria: An in Vitro Study

Introduction: This in vitro study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a single-file rotary system (OneShape) in reduction of intracanal bacteria. Methods and Materials: Eighty one single-rooted mandibular first premolars with single canals were used. Six samples were selected as aseptic control group. Seventy five remaining specimens were infected by Enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 72 h at 37°C. Then they were randomly divided into three groups (n=25). In each group, cleaning and shaping procedures were done using either two conventional rotary systems (ProTaper and iRace), or the single-file system (OneShape). Microbial samples from the intracanal environment were taken by paper points in two steps, before and after instrumentation. Then, they were diluted and plated in blood agar. In order to compare bacterial reduction and turbidity, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used followed by the Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests for pairwise comparison. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The control group didn’t show any bacterial growth. The pre- and post-instrumentation samples were significantly different between three groups (P=0.02). Hence, there was no significant differences between turbidity of samples (P>0.05). Conclusion: OneShape system is efficient in bacterial reduction. In this regard ProTaper is the most effective system in intracanal bacterial reduction followed by iRaCe and OneShape, respectively.Keywords: Enterococcus faecalis; iRace; OneShape; ProTape

Pneumosinus Dilatans Causing Field of Vision Deviation: A Case Report

Pneumosinus dilatans (PSD) is a rare condition which may cause visual impairment. Here we present the case of a 15-year-old boy with PSD. The vision was 10/10 and the intraocular pressure was in normal range for both eyes. Other eye examinations were normal except for a slight discoloration of the optic nerve. Optical coherence tomography showed a decrease in the thickness of the nerve fiber layer and the patient's primary field of vision had a mean deviation of -3.44 and -6.39 in the right and left eyes.&nbsp

Apical sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate, intermediate restorative material and calcium enriched mixture cement: A bacterial leakage study

Introduction: This in vitro study compared the apical sealing ability of three common root end filling materials namely mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), intermediate restorative material (IRM) and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement using a bacterial leakage model. Methods and Materials:The study was conducted on 83 single-rooted human teeth. Tooth crowns were cut and root canals were prepared using the step-back technique. Apical 3 mm of the roots were cut and a three-mm-deep cavity was prepared using an ultrasonic instrument. The samples were divided into three groups (n=25) according to the root-end filling material including MTA, IRM and CEM cement. The roots were inserted into cut-end microtubes. After sterilization with ethylene oxide, microtubes were placed in sterile vials containing 10 mL of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37°C and 0.1 mL ofEnterococcus faecalis suspension compatible with 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5×108 cell/ ml), which was refreshed daily. This procedure was continued for 70 days. The data were analyzed using the chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and log rank tests. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: No significant difference was found in bacterial microleakage among three groups; MTA showed slightly (but not significantly) less microleakage than IRM and CEM. However, the difference in the mean time of microleakage was significant among the groups (P<0.04) and in MTA samples leakage occurred in a longer time than CEM (P<0.012). Conclusion: The three tested root end filling materials had equal sealing efficacy for preventing bacterial leakage.Keywords: Apical Seal; Bacterial Leakage; Microleakage; Root-End Filling; Seal

Comparison of the root canal debridement ability of two single file systems with a conventional multiple rotary system in long oval-shaped root canals : in vitro study

This study sought to compare the root canal debridement ability of Neolix, Reciproc and ProTaper rotary systems in long oval-shaped root canals. Eighty five extracted single-rooted human teeth with long oval-shaped single root canals were selected and divided into three experimental groups(n=25) and one control group (n= 10). Root canals were filled with Vitapex radiopaque contrast medium and prepared with Neolix, Reciproc or ProTaper systems. The control group only received irrigation. Digital radiographs were obtained at baseline and postoperatively and subjected to digital subtraction. The percentage of reduction in contrast medium was quantified at 0-5 mm and 5-10 mm distances from the apex. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and t-test. The mean percentage of the contrast medium removed was not significantly different in the 0-5mm segment among the three groups (P=0.6). In the 5-10mm segment a significant difference was found in this regard among the ProTaper and Reciproc groups (P=0.02) and the highest mean percentage of contrast medium was removed by ProTaper. But, difference between ProTaper and Neolix as well as Neolix and Reciproc was not significant. In Neolix (P=0.024) and Reciproc (P=0.002) systems, the mean percentage of the contrast medium removed from the 0-5mm segment was significantly greater than that in 5-10mm segment; however, this difference was not significant in ProTaper group (P=0.069). Neolix single-file system may be a suitable alternative to ProTaper multiple-file system in debridement of long oval shaped canals