The Effect of Ondansetron on Decreasing the Hospitalization Rate in Children with Gastroenteritis and Recurrent Vomiting

Background: Diarrhea is one of the most common disorders in infancy and childhood and recurrent vomiting is a main reason for hospitalization for these patients. This study was to assess the effect of injective ondansetron on decreasing the hospitalization rate in children with diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Methods: In this clinical trial study, patients between six months and six years, with acute viral diarrhea and recurrent vomiting, were assessed for the possibility of being treated as outpatients, based on their response to ondansetron, compared to a control group who did not receive ondansetron. The sample size was 100 for each group. Cases for the ondansetron group were under observation for at least two hours in the emergency ward and were followed until 72 hours to find out if there was any need for them to return to the hospital due to vomiting. Otherwise, all cases in the control group were hospitalized. Data of both groups, including the rate and duration of hospitalization, was analyzed. Results: Of the 100 individuals who received ondansetron (n = 91) 91% did not need to be hospitalized and 9 patients needed to be admitted in the next 72 hours, while (n = 100) 100% of control group were hospitalized (P value = 0.003). Vomiting in the control group continued in 35% of patients after 72 hours of admission. The duration of hospitalization for the patients of the control group was 2.94�1.40 (mean�SD) days. Interpretation: Ondansetron can be considered as an effective agent to decrease the hospitalization rate in infants and children with diarrhea as well as vomiting. Injective forms of ondansetron seem to be more achieved than oral forms

The Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Monolingual Bilingual EFL learners and Acquisition of L2 Grammar

Under which conditions, implicit or explicit, the EFL learners are exposed to L2 inputs may strongly influence the learning processes. Tasks that are accompanied with instructions are one of the most influential tools for ELT teachers for manipulating learning conditions. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the role of implicit and explicit instructions on acquisition of two grammatical structures (negative and placement adverb) and also the effect of monolingualism and bilingualism on learning grammar. 38 high intermediate learners, 10 monolingual and 28 bilingual, participated in present study. A general English proficiency test, pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test were administered. Then the scores on the pre-test and post-tests were compared to determine the possible effects. The data were analyzed by applying Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings revealed that: 1) there wasn’t a significant difference between explicit and implicit instructions and input on acquisition the grammatical rules and 2) for more complex structure, implicit instruction was recommended and 3) monolingual and bilingual learners did not differ in learning the grammar. Hence, the findings implies that in order to have an efficient L2 classrooms, ELT teachers should pay more attention on the interactions between these two types of instructions and the complexity of the L2 structures

The Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Monolingual Bilingual EFL learners and Acquisition of L2 Grammar

Under which conditions, implicit or explicit, the EFL learners are exposed to L2 inputs may strongly influence the learning processes. Tasks that are accompanied with instructions are one of the most influential tools for ELT teachers for manipulating learning conditions. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the role of implicit and explicit instructions on acquisition of two grammatical structures (negative and placement adverb) and also the effect of monolingualism and bilingualism on learning grammar. 38 high intermediate learners, 10 monolingual and 28 bilingual, participated in present study. A general English proficiency test, pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test were administered. Then the scores on the pre-test and post-tests were compared to determine the possible effects. The data were analyzed by applying Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings revealed that: 1) there wasn’t a significant difference between explicit and implicit instructions and input on acquisition the grammatical rules and 2) for more complex structure, implicit instruction was recommended and 3) monolingual and bilingual learners did not differ in learning the grammar. Hence, the findings implies that in order to have an efficient L2 classrooms, ELT teachers should pay more attention on the interactions between these two types of instructions and the complexity of the L2 structures

The Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Monolingual Bilingual EFL learners and Acquisition of L2 Grammar

Under which conditions, implicit or explicit, the EFL learners are exposed to L2 inputs may strongly influence the learning processes. Tasks that are accompanied with instructions are one of the most influential tools for ELT teachers for manipulating learning conditions. Therefore, this study attempted to investigate the role of implicit and explicit instructions on acquisition of two grammatical structures (negative and placement adverb) and also the effect of monolingualism and bilingualism on learning grammar. 38 high intermediate learners, 10 monolingual and 28 bilingual, participated in present study. A general English proficiency test, pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test were administered. Then the scores on the pre-test and post-tests were compared to determine the possible effects. The data were analyzed by applying Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings revealed that: 1) there wasn’t a significant difference between explicit and implicit instructions and input on acquisition the grammatical rules and 2) for more complex structure, implicit instruction was recommended and 3) monolingual and bilingual learners did not differ in learning the grammar. Hence, the findings implies that in order to have an efficient L2 classrooms, ELT teachers should pay more attention on the interactions between these two types of instructions and the complexity of the L2 structures

Comparison of Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification and Simplified Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification Systems in Clinical Staging of Iranian Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

BACKGROUND፡ Pelvic organ prolapse is a common pelvic disorder among women. A standard staging system is needed to carefully evaluate the extent and severity of the disease, and initiate appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the two methods of standard and simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification systems in clinical staging of Iranian women with pelvic organ prolapse.METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted on all women with complaints of seeing or feeling a vaginal lump or bulge and/or a dragging sensation who were presented to a pelvic floor disorders clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from October 2018 to June 2019. All patients were evaluated in terms of pelvic organ prolapse severity and staging using both instruments. Also, length of time needed to complete the questionnaires were calculated. After data collection, the results of pelvic organ prolapse staging and degree of agreement between two examiners were evaluated.RESULTS: A total of 120 women with mean age of 50.92±13.12 years were evaluated. It was shown that there is an almost perfect agreement (kappa coefficient > 0.8) between standard and simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification systems in all the 3 compartments. Also, there was almost a twofold increase in the time needed to perform standard pelvic organ prolapse quantification (4.16±1.01 minutes) compared to performing simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification (2.12±1.14 minutes) (p=0.03).CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, there is a substantial and almost perfect agreement between standard and simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification systems in clinical staging of Iranian women with pelvic organ prolapse. It seems that using simplified pelvic organ prolapse quantification system is more applicable in clinical practice for staging of pelvic organ prolapse, with high reliability coefficient.&nbsp

Case-Based-Reasoning System for Feature Selection and Diagnosing Disease; Case Study: Asthma

Asthma is a chronic informatory disease of the respiratory canals in which it has not become obvious what is the reason for the reports argumentation on the ground of asthma prevalence. In the present research, the purpose would be to design a case-based-reasoning (CBR) model in order to assist a physician to diagnose the type of disease and also the needed therapy. At first for designing this system, the disease variables were discriminated and were at the patients' disposal as a questionnaire, and after gathering the relevant data (CBR) algorithm was rendered on the data which led to the asthma diagnosis. The system was tested on 325 asthmatic and non asthmatic adult cases and was accessed with eighty percent accuracy. The consequences were promising. With regard to the fact that the factors of the disease are different in various countries, This study was performed in order to determine risk factors for asthma in Iranian society and the results of research showed that the most important variables of asthma disease in Iran are symptoms heperresponsivity, frequency of cough, cough. Key words: data mining, case based reasoning, asthma, diagnosis

Relationship between Capital Structure, Free Cash Flow and Performance in Companies Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange

Financial performance criteria are a part of a company's performance criteria, which are used for measuring financial performance. stakeholder groups such as the government, customers and public should enter the scene and with taking advantage of various mechanisms should impose their goals on these companies. The other perspective claims that for-profit companies, considering the effort they make toward obtaining profit, are considered as the best tool for demanding economic productivity and efficiency and that, it is not necessary for them to consider any other goals other than the goals of capital owners (increasing the company's value). This indicates to the importance of performance of companies and in order to obtain maximum outcome in this regard, the effective factors on company performance should be studied carefully.  To this end, the aim of the present study is to explore the relationship between capital structure, free cash flow and performance of companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange and for this purpose, all the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during the time period of 2007 - 2013 were selected by using systematic elimination sampling method as research sample and were studied. Finally, research data were analyzed by multiple regression test and results indicated that there is a significant relationship between equity ratio of a company and its performance. Also, there is a significant relationship between debt ratio (capital structure) of a company and its performance and there is a significant relationship between free cash flow and company performance.  Finally, there is no significant relationship between debt ratio (capital structure) and free cash flow in a company

The effect of ondansetron on decreasing the hospitalization rate in children with gastroenteritis and recurrent vomiting

Background: Diarrhea is one of the most common disorders in infancy and childhood and recurrent vomiting is a main reason for hospitalization for these patients. This study was to assess the effect of injective ondansetron on decreasing the hospitalization rate in children with diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Methods: In this clinical trial study, patients between six months and six years, with acute viral diarrhea and recurrent vomiting, were assessed for the possibility of being treated as outpatients, based on their response to ondansetron, compared to a control group who did not receive ondansetron. The sample size was 100 for each group. Cases for the ondansetron group were under observation for at least two hours in the emergency ward and were followed until 72 hours to find out if there was any need for them to return to the hospital due to vomiting. Otherwise, all cases in the control group were hospitalized. Data of both groups, including the rate and duration of hospitalization, was analyzed. Results: Of the 100 individuals who received ondansetron (n = 91) 91% did not need to be hospitalized and 9 patients needed to be admitted in the next 72 hours, while (n = 100) 100% of control group were hospitalized (P value = 0.003). Vomiting in the control group continued in 35% of patients after 72 hours of admission. The duration of hospitalization for the patients of the control group was 2.94 ± 1.40 (mean ± SD) days. Interpretation: Ondansetron can be considered as an effective agent to decrease the hospitalization rate in infants and children with diarrhea as well as vomiting. Injective forms of ondansetron seem to be more achieved than oral forms. Keywords: Infant, Child, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Ondansetron, Hospitalizatio

The effect of composite resin preheating on marginal adaptation of class II restorations

One of the problems with a high filler content composite resins is gap formation at restorative material?tooth interface. The present study investigated the effect of preheating composite resins on the formation of marginal gap in Cl II restorations. In this in vitro study Sixty Cl II cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of 30 extracted premolar teeth. The gingival floor of cavities was placed 1 m below the CEJ. The samples were randomly allocated to 4 groups for restoration placement: group 1, Filtek P60 composite resin at room temperature; group 2, Filtek P60 composite resin at 68°C; group 3, X-tra fil composite resin at room temperature; and group 4, X-tra fil composite resin at 68°C. After a thermocycling procedure, the teeth were sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. Then the marginal gaps of the samples were measured at proximal and gingival margins under a scanning electron microscope at ×2000 magnification in µm. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21, using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests and paired t-test (?=0.05). Groups 2 and 4 exhibited significantly lower marginal gaps, compared to groups 1 and 3, at both enamel (P<0.0001 and P=0.001, respectively) and dentinal walls (P<0.0001). In all the groups, there was significantly less marginal gaps at composite-enamel wall compared to composite-dentin wall interfaces (P<0.0001). There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 3 and groups 2 and 4 in enamel walls (p= 0.96, p= 0.99 respectively) and dentinal walls (p= 0.85, p=0.98 respectively). Preheating resulted in a decrease in marginal gaps in both composite resins. The effect of composite resin type on marginal adaptation was the same