A Colonial and Post-Colonial Assessment of Language in Akespear’s the Tempest and Friel’s Translations

This study examines the significance of language in connection with both personal and national identity. Language and identity have a power to fix thoughts and beings. It roots a nation to a past. Language bridges between a contemporary society and its dead ancestors. Language contains elements of culture, human interaction, environment, working of the human brain and identity. People are marked by the language that they speak. Britannia recognized this significance. Therefore, it could have power not necessarily through physical control but mental control as well. It could change the colonized countries into mimic people who just copy British values, cultures, beliefs, and identities. First, through establishing binary oppositions, Britannia began to justify its settlement in the natives’ lands and Ireland. In Shakespeare’s The Tempest, binarism emerged as lack of moral sense/ moral sense or good/evil and savage/civilized. Prospero introduced herself as a man who is civilized and moral whereas, Caliban is a native who is a barber and has no moral sense. Education was exercised through language. Therefore, Prospero introduced himself as a compassionate “schoolmaster” who had a burden to teach Caliban his language. Under Prospero’s education, Caliban loses his identity. He loses his freedom and changes into a slave that Prospero dares even to insult but in Friel’s Translations, binarism emerged as modern/archaic and standard/nonstandard. Britannia introduced its National schools which are modern, advanced, and new whereas, Hedge schools were traditional and archaic. They also claimed that Irish lands were not standard, without boundaries and map whereas, English villages, towns, and cities were mapped and standard. They introduced themselves as compassionate teachers and cartographers who attempted to modernize and standardize Irish schools and lands. Second, by comparing and contrasting Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Friel’s Translations from different periods, the process of imperial justifications are disclosed. This study presents that Britannia adopted imperial justifications in accordance with the situations and necessities. For instance, Caliban’s situation differs from the Irish. Prospero in The Tempest could introduce Caliban as a savage but Britannia could not claim that the Irish were savages like the natives in the New World. Third, they disguised their justifications in accordance with modernization and standardization. However, imperial justifications differed from period to period with language playing the main role for all of them. Teaching, mapping, christinizing modernizing, and standardizing relied on language. In this study, language is the base for imperial superstructures (justifications). Fourth, this study discusses that a person loses his language; he will change into a mimic character. He forgets his essence, values, cultures, and identity. In The Tempest, losing identity is depicted through humiliation and demoralization as Prospero has nothing for Caliban but nasty words. In Translations, it is depicted through mimicry

Large Volume Paracentesis in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Temporarily Diminishes Blood Cell Count

Background: Large-volume paracentesis is the preferred treatment for patients with severe and refractory ascites. Several complications were reported during therapeutical paracentesis. However, there are very few published studies on the change in blood cell count after paracentesis. This study aimed to evaluate any changes in blood cell counts after ascites fluid drainage. Methods: This study was conducted on patients with severe ascites and chronic liver disease who underwent large-volume paracentesis at Namazi Hospital, in Shiraz, Iran, between March 2021 and February 2022. A data gathering form containing the patient’s medical history, cause of cirrhosis, ascites fluid volume, as well as routine tests including primarily sodium, potassium, and basal creatinine, was filled out. Before and after the surgery, the total blood cell count was measured. Before the procedure, adjustment was made in the case of coagulopathy and albumin deficiency. The effect of factors such as the volume of drained fluid, splenomegaly, antibiotics, and steroid use was assessed on the changes in the number of blood cells. Using the JAMOVI 2.3.9 software, a paired t test and multiple regression were applied for statistical analysis (P0.001).Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that children with tense ascites who had large-volume paracentesis might experience a sharp drop in blood cell count after the procedure, which was a transient physiological condition

An evaluation of ascitic calprotectin for diagnosis of ascitic fluid infection in children with cirrhosis

The most common infection in children with the hepatic disease with or without cirrhotic ascites is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), which occurs in the absence of an evident intra-abdominal source of infection. The present study aims to assess the value of calprotectin in ascitic fluid in the diagnosis of ascitic fluid infection in children with liver cirrhosis. Materials and methods In this cross-section study, 80 children with underlying liver disease who attended the Hepatology and Emergency Department in Shiraz University Hospitals were studied. All the patients were evaluated by a thorough history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations, diagnostic paracentesis with PMNLs count, and Calprotectin, which was measured in 1 mL ascitic fluid by ELISA. Results Thirty-five patients (43.75%) were diagnosed with ascitic fluid infection. Of these children 6 cases had positive ascitic fluid culture (SBP). Calprotectin was high in AFI patients with a statistically significant difference in AFI patients compared to non-AFI patients. The cut-off levels were 91.55 mg /L and the area under the curve was 0.971. So it can serve as a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for detection of AFI in children with underlying liver disease. Conclusion Elevated ascitic calprotectin levels in cirrhotic patients are a diagnostic and reliable marker for the detection of AFI and are considered a surrogate marker for PMN

Complementary medicine and primary dysmenorrhea

Primary Dysmenorrhea and Complementary MedicineAtaollahi , M¹; Amir AliAkbari, S*²- Alumnus, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran .(-Lecturer, Dept. of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.AbstractBackground and objective: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints of womenwhich interfers with daily activities and causes missing work and school. Complementary therapy is a safe ,and reliable treatment for primary dysmenorrhea that its effectiveness has been showen in many studies.Considering the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and harmful side effects of some synthetic drugs, thepresent study aims to summarize the effect of complementary medicine on primary dysmenorrhea.Materials and Methods: A search for English and Persian literature published from (000 to (01 wasconducted using key words : dysmenorrhea-primary dysmenorrhea ,complementary therpy andnonpharmachologic tetherapy from databases Pubmed, SID, Scirus and Elsevier .A total number of 30publications were included in the review.Results: Complementary medicine includes the use of dietary supplements, vitamins, aroma therapy, herbaltherapy, homeopathy, acupressure, sport and massage and is safe, affordable, and accessible. It has less sideeffects, acceptability and high tolerability and can replace highly morbid chemical agents.Conclusions: based on the findings of the present research and the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea,further studies on the side effects and benefits of complementary medicine and comparing the influence ofcomplementary medicine with chemical drugs is mandatory.Keywords: primary dysmenorrhea, complementary medicine, herbs, pain reduction.*Corresponding Author: Sedigheh, Amir AliAkbari. Lecturer, Dept. of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing andMidwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.E-mail: [email protected]

Effect of Combined Use of Calcium and Vitamin B6 on Premenstrual Syndrome Symptoms: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders in women, which includes a group of psychological and physical symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of combined use of calcium and vitamin B6 on premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Methods: This double blind randomized controlled was carried out on 76 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Students were randomly allocated to two groups. (38 people in each group). Student in intervention groups received calcium tablet (500mg) and vitamin B6 (40 mg) and student in intervention groups received only vitamin B6 twice a day for two consecutive months. The symptoms were assessed by Beck depression inventory (BDI) and daily symptom records (DSR) questionnaires. Analyses were carried out by test-retest method, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Independent t-test, and paired t-test using SPSS software ver.13. Results: The result showed that although the severity of symptoms decreased in both groups, but this reduction was more significant in the combined calcium and vitamin B6 group. Conclusion: According to the result, using of combination of calcium and vitamin B6 leads to better controlling of the premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Therefore it is recommended for women who suffer from these syndromes

A New Guidelines For Using Erythromycin In Management Of Childhood Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a functional disorder without any determined cause, though some motility disorders are considered in stream of this syndrome. There is no clear treatment for CVS and all treatments are borrowed from treatment of other similar diseases such as migraine. Clinical practice guideline instructs the pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists for treatment of CVS in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Since there is no practical guideline for the empirical management of CVS, this guideline was prepared for framing the treatments in a scienti­c and simple way for this disorder

Effects of aromatherapy by Rosaceous on the severity and systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea

Background and Aim:Dysmenorrhea, defined as pain associated with menstruation that affects millions of women in the reproductive ageworldwide. Considering the high prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its adverse consequences on quality of life, thepresent study examined the effects of Rosaceous on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its systemicmanifestations.Materials and Methods:This double blind clinical trial was performed on 110 students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Studentsrandomly assigned into intervention and control groups. Both groups were matched before intervention for age,education level, BMI, income, education wife, age of menarche and marital status. In the intervention group in the first3 days of menstruation, 10 drops of Rosaceous extract were given to the subjects two times daily for two consecutivemenstrual cycles. The controls take placebo. Severity of primary dysmenorrhea is compared in the two groups using thepaired t test and between groups using the independent t test.Findings:The severity of primary dysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations decreased in both groups, this reduction was moresignificant in the Rosaceous group (p <0.001).Conclusions:The results of this study results showed a positive impact of Rosaceous in reduction of severity of primarydysmenorrhea and systemic manifestations. It seems that can be used to reduce the severity of primary dysmenorrheaand systemic manifestations.Keywords:Dysmenorrhea; Rosaceous; Traditional Medicine

Asymptomatic Atlantoaxial Subluxation in Rheumatoid Arthritis

This cross-sectional study is conducted to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic cervical spine subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis patients by plain radiographs and its relation to demographic and clinical characteristics, disease activity measures and medications. 100 rheumatoid arthritis patients (18 male and 82 female) were selected randomly, according to the American college of Rheumatology Criteria, who were under follow up in the rheumatology clinic. A complete history was taken, and physical examination has been done with focus on the cervical spine to determine their demographic data, disease duration, age of disease onset, drug history, swollen and tender joint counts, and ESR, Hb, CRP, RF levels. The disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was measured using the disease activity score 28. Radiographs of the cervical spine included lateral views taken in flexion, extension, neutral position of the neck and anterioposterior and odontoid projection view. Asymptomatic cervical spine subluxation was found in 17 of the 100 patients (17%). The prevalence of, anterior atlantoaxial subluxation, atlantoaxial impaction and subaxial subluxation was 10(10%), 5(5%) and 6(6%), respectively. Posterior subluxation was not detected. The only characteristic that showed meaningful relationship with cervical spine subluxation was CRP (P=0.036). Our results showed that patients with RA, who have cervical spine subluxation cannot be distinguished on the basis of symptoms. Cervical spine involvement is common and may be asymptomatic, indicating routine cervical spine imaging is needed in patients with RA

TTG IgA in Functional Constipation: Is It Rational to Be Evaluated?

Background: It is suggested that constipation could be due to celiac disease (CD); therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of positive tissue transglutaminase (tTG) IgA test among children with functional constipation (FC). Methods: In this case-control study, 182 consecutive patients with FC who fulfilled the Rome III criteria as cases were compared with 240 healthy children as the control group in terms of suspicious CD by measuring the serum tTG IgA level. Results: There was a significant difference in favor of the case group in terms of serum tTG IgA levels (P = 0.000). The probability of having CD would change based on belonging to each group (case/control odds ratio [OR] = 0.222). Conclusion: With respect to these data, tTG IgA level was observed to be significantly higher in patients relative to healthy children; therefore, it is recommended that patients be screened for CD through the tTG IgA