Antioxidant Properties of Aminoethylcysteine Ketimine Decarboxylated Dimer: A Review

Aminoethylcysteine ketimine decarboxylated dimer is a natural sulfur-containing compound detected in human plasma and urine, in mammalian brain and in many common edible vegetables. Over the past decade many studies have been undertaken to identify its metabolic role. Attention has been focused on its antioxidant properties and on its reactivity against oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. These properties have been studied in different model systems starting from plasma lipoproteins to specific cellular lines. All these studies report that aminoethylcysteine ketimine decarboxylated dimer is able to interact both with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, peroxynitrite and its derivatives). Its antioxidant activity is similar to that of Vitamin E while higher than other hydrophilic antioxidants, such as trolox and N-acetylcysteine

The City Transformed

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69134/2/10.1177_009614428701400104.pd

American Country House Architecture in Context: the Suburban Ideal of Living in the East and Midwest, 1877--1917. (Volumes I and II) (New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Minnesota).

I offer a cultural history of planned, exclusive suburbs designed and developed between 1877 and 1917 in major metropolitan areas in the eastern and midwestern U.S. It consists of an analysis of suburban planning and architect-designed suburban homes and a reconstruction of the historical design process that produced those suburban forms. I begin by identifying members of the communities of discourse who designed, developed, and /or resided in these suburbs between 1877 and 1917. Next I reconstruct the design process itself: (1) I analyze the social and cultural issues that influenced the debate on proper housing, and (2) outline the consensus that emerged after 1900 concerning the design programs for the suburban ideal. My analysis is based on field research in four historic suburbs: Short Hills, NJ; St. Martin's in Philadelphia, PA; Kenilworth, IL; and Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, MN. These four case studies--presented in four chapters--form the heart of the thesis. The most powerful constraints upon the suburban design program were not aesthetic or professional considerations, as previous architectural historians have suggested, but (1) a set of cultural assumptions about the American home, (2) combined with anxiety about deleterious housing conditions in the cities. In the late 1870s, architects, developers, and suburban residents began to experiment with the design of the proper residential environment. By 1900 they had reached a consensus in the form of the suburban ideal--the assumption that every family ought to reside in a one-family home with plenty of yard in a locally-controlled, homogeneous suburban community. Those who developed, built, and resided in planned, exclusive suburbs derived from the new Professional-Managerial stratum in urban society. In formulating a design program for the suburban ideal, they had two purposes: (1) to accommodate and formalize their own lifestyles in a suitable setting, and (2) to devise a model residential environment that would address and alleviate the housing and social problems in the city. This dual purpose reveals the "logic" of the suburban design decisions that Professional-Managerial communities made and clarifies why planned suburbs of the period 1877 to 1917 assumed their characteristic form.Ph.D.American studiesArchitectureUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/161592/1/8720342.pd

North American Urban History: The Everyday Politics and Spatial Logics of Metropolitan Life

At the start of the twenty-first century, North American urban history is flourishing. Compared to twenty-five years ago, the field has become more interdisciplinary and intellectually invigorating. Scholars are publishing increasingly sophisticated efforts to understand how the city as space intersects the urbanization process, as well as studies that recognize the full complexity of experiences for different metropolitan cohorts. A burgeoning literature connects the everyday cultural experiences of urban North Americans with larger social processes and issues of historical analysis. Such a rapidly evolving field defies attempts to summarize the state of its scholarship. This essay will therefore confine itself to a survey of five themes of recent scholarship on the urban history of Canada and the United States: social class and the city, housing studies, urban life and politics, city-suburb relationships, and race relations and the metropolis. These diverse bodies of literature challenge our common wisdom about how cities and suburbs work and inspire urbanists to approach their topics with fresh eyes, an interdisciplinary purview, and an open mind.Au début du XXIe siècle, l’histoire urbaine est un domaine en plein essor en Amérique du Nord. Ses aspects interdisciplinaires et intellectuellement stimulants sont maintenant plus affirmés qu’ils ne l'étaient 25 ans auparavant. Les chercheurs publient des études de plus en plus nuancées et complexes pour comprendre les recoupements entre l’espace de la ville et le processus d’urbanisation, ainsi que des études qui tiennent compte de la diversité de comportement des communautés qui composent la ville. Un nouveau courant littéraire est en train de naître, qui relie l’expérience du quotidien dans l’Amérique urbaine à des courants sociaux plus vastes et des questions de méthodologie historique. Ce champ intellectuel se développe de manière si rapide qu’il est difficile d’en faire la synthèse. Cet article se cantonne donc à l’examen de cinq thématiques récentes d’histoire urbaine au Canada et aux États-Unis : les classes sociales et la ville, le logement, la vie citadine et politique, les relations entre la ville et la banlieue, et les relations entre races dans un contexte métropolitain. Ces diverses catégories d’études remettent en cause des idées reçues sur la manière dont fonctionnent les milieux urbains et suburbains, et incitent les spécialistes en urbanisme à porter sur leurs sujets d’étude un regard neuf, interdisciplinaire et tolérant