Economy Law and Economic Analysis of Law and the Impact on Intellectual Property in the Common Law System

This article analyses the concept of economics applied to law in order to understand the school's analysis of legal phenomena by economic principles that emerged in 1960 in the United States of America, tracing the impacts on intellectual property law in the Common Law system. This study relies on the hypothetical-deductive method, with a focus on economic and legal literature, to conclude that intellectual property legislation is frequently modernized, especially at the time of major socio economic transformations such as an industrial revolution with the effect of boosting development and innovation, ensuring economic growth with the proper security and protection of industrial secrets and expertise

On the Singular Scheme of Split Foliations

We prove that the tangent sheaf of a codimension one locally free distribution splits as a sum of line bundles if and only if its singular scheme is arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay. In addition, we show that a foliation by curves is given by an intersection of generically transversal holomorphic distributions of codimension one if and only if its singular scheme is arithmetically Buchsbaum. Finally, we establish that these foliations are determined by their singular schemes, and deduce that the Hilbert scheme of certain arithmetically Buchsbaum schemes of codimension $2$ is birational to a Grassmannian.Comment: 21 page

Gramsci, educação e escola unitária

Este artigo é produto de pesquisa sobre fundamentos da educação e apresenta os resultados de investigações sobre as contribuições de Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937). Este texto dá sequência a outras publicações sobre aspectos específicos do legado do autor italiano, mas aqui sintetizando as formulações que produziu, especificamente, sobre educação e escola, com vistas a averiguar sua identidade teórico-metodológica. Na primeira parte do texto, encontram-se dados biográficos e as especificidades dos escritos de Gramsci, e em seguida, há a explicitação de sua concepção de ser humano, para melhor compreender a principal contribuição que deixou sobre o nível básico de ensino: a escola unitária, apresentada na parte final da estrutura textual. A metodologia empregada foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica, que se desenvolveu principalmente pela análise dos cadernos miscelâneos e especiais de Gramsci, particularmente o 1 e o 4, e o 12 e o 22, porque são nesses escritos da maturidade que o comunista italiano mais detidamente tratou de educação e de escola. Além dos “cadernos do cárcere” e de cartas de Gramsci, textos de destacados comentadores também foram averiguados, com o objetivo de bem detectar a concepção do autor em questão sobre a escola básica. A conclusão é que as formulações sobre educação e escola apresentadas são expressões atualizadas do legado do marxismo originário e, portanto, não podem ser confundidas com concepções liberais, que implicaram propostas educacionais estranhas à escola unitária.This paper is the product of research on the fundamentals of education; it presents the results of investigations on the contributions of Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937). This text follows on from other publications on specific aspects of the Italian author’s legacy, but here summarizing the formulations he produced, specifically on education and school, to ascertain his theoretical-methodological identity. In the first part of the text, there are biographical data and the specifics of Gramsci’s writings, which are followed by an explanation of his conception of human being, to better understand the main contribution he left on the basic level of education: the unitary school, presented in the final part of the textual structure. Bibliographic research was the utilized methodology, which was developed mainly by the analysis of Gramsci’s miscellaneous and special notebooks, particularly 1 and 4, and 12 and 22, because in these maturity writings the Italian communist most carefully dealt with education and school. In addition to the “prison notebooks” and letters by Gramsci, texts by prominent commentators were also investigated, to detect the author’s concept in question about the basic school. The conclusion is that the presented formulations on education and school are up-to-date expressions of the legacy of original Marxism and, therefore, cannot be confused with liberal conceptions, which implied educational proposals foreign to the unitary school

Laser-induced atomic adsorption: a mechanism for nanofilm formation

We demonstrate and interpret a technique of laser-induced formation of thin metallic films using alkali atoms on the window of a dense-vapour cell. We show that this intriguing photo-stimulated process originates from the adsorption of Cs atoms via the neutralisation of Cs$^+$ ions by substrate electrons. The Cs$^+$ ions are produced via two-photon absorption by excited Cs atoms very close to the surface, which enables the transfer of the laser spatial intensity profile to the film thickness. An initial decrease of the surface work function is required to guarantee Cs$^+$ neutralisation and results in a threshold in the vapour density. This understanding of the film growth mechanism may facilitate the development of new techniques of laser-controlled lithography, starting from thermal vapours.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. EPL, accepted for publicatio

The written production of argumentative and dissertation text: a didactic project based on Bakhtin's philosophy

This article is characterized as a theoretical and practical research related to a project developed during the year 2015 in two schools - one public, the other private- , in the city of Birigui, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The main goal of the study was to analyze: the pedagogical project and the teachers’ activities oriented towards teaching and learning of argumentative and dissertation texts. The methodology used in this research comprised: (i) visiting both schools, (ii) producing a description of ongoing school practices, with focus on the teaching of argumentative and dissertation texts, (iii) suggesting a teacher’s activity to improve this apprenticeship, (iv) putting this activity into practice and (v) analyzing obtained results. The theoretical framework used for this study was the Bakhtinian philosophy (BAKHTIN, 2013; 2006a; 2006b; 2006c; 2006d; 2010; 2013; VOLOSHINOV, 1986). This theoretical approach was chosen due to the importance of comprehension of the text not just as an amalgamated set of words, phrases and paragraphs; other than that, we understand it as a structure of meaning, in which we encounter linguistic forms, ideologies and discursive stance. At last, we can say the results show that the argumentative texts render assistance to the development of the students’ argumentative competence and skill, that is, in their ability to argue and organize ideas in a communicative situation