Direitos humanos fundamentais e relações jurídicas contratuais

Estudo comparado sobre o tratamento dado aos direitos humanos fundamentais e às relações jurídicas contratuais no direito do Brasil, Alemanha e França. Discorre sobre a interação “entre o princípio da justiça contratual com os direitos fundamentais relativos à formação da sociedade justa e da própria igualdade”

Efficacy and limitations of Triticale as a nitrogen catch crop in a mediterranean environment

During 3 consecutive years (1996/97–1998/99) the efficacy was studied of Triticale as a nitrogen (N) catch crop sown after the harvest of the potato crop cultivated in the preceding summer season under several N fertilizer treatments. In October, shortly after the harvest of the potatoes, there were registered significative differences in the soil N–NO3− levels among N fertilizer treatments of the potato crop. The higher values were recorded on the plots corresponding to higher N doses. At the end of winter, the N status of plants and at the end of experiments (late in April), the N–NO3− in soil, the biomass yield and the N uptake by the catch crop did not reflect the differences registered before in the soil inorganic N. This comparison may suggest that Triticale is little effective in recovering the residual inorganic N of the preceding crop due either to the rainfall occurring in the autumn or to the poor vegetative development of the catch crop during the autumn/winter period. However, at the date of cut, the catch crop removed up to 80 kg N ha−1. At this time, the soil N–NO3− levels were significantly higher on the fallowed plots. This result shows that the crop was very effective in uptaking the N that is mineralized after the end of winter

Efeito do fraccionamento da fertilização azotada na cultura da batata

Durante os anos de 1996 a 1998 estudou-se o efeito do fraccionamento da aplicação de azoto na cultura da batata (cv. Desirée). Os ensaios decorreram em Bragança num Cambissolo êutrico. Foram usadas 7 modalidades de fertilização com as seguintes doses de N (fundo + cobertura). 0+0; 200+0; 0÷200; 100÷100; 100+o; 0+100; e 50+50 kg N ha na forma de ureia. Todas as modalidades fertilizadas apresentaram produções unitárias significativamente superiores à modalidade testemunha. Nas modalidades mais produtivas ultrapassaram-se Os 50 Mg ha de tubérculos de calibre comercial

Efficiency of organic nitrogen fertilization of potato in Northeast Portugal

The study was conducted over a 4 year period with the purpose of measuring N mineralization using an in situ incubation technique, following the application of farmyard manure, poultry manure or municipal solid waste. The results varied from –10 % (net immobilization) to +28 % (net mineralization) in relation to the total organic N applied. N fluxes were assessed through plant N analysis during the growing season and through determination of potato tuber dry weight (TDW), N uptake by tubers and the apparent N recovery (ANR) of added N at harvest. Organic material applications slightly increased TDW above the control treatment (9 to 25%), although the results indicate a shortage of N, where no N was added to the crop. The effect of organic fertilization on N uptake by tubers was also limited. Petiole nitrate concentration and estimated net N mineralization were in agreement with trends in TDW and N uptake by tubers, with no differences in soil N availability between the control and organic treatments. Values of ANR were particularly low, ranging from 4 to 23 %. The results suggest that caution is needed when judging the contribution of organic fertilization to N nutrition of crops, which have a short growing season. Synchronization between N release and plant uptake is discussed

A propósito de uma ordenação do ouro e da prata Ensaio breve de interpretação das relações entre o rei e os concelhos

Não esqueçamos também a «realidade» com que este processo interfere fundamentalmente, e que é a crise económica e turbulência social do século XIV e ainda parte do XV. Sem dúvida, que as contrariedades põem à prova todos os agentes sociais, desde o rei ao camponês, mas também os horizontes que se vão abrindo descomprimem as tensões e impedem as rupturas que de outro modo se poderiam adivinhar

A Panel Data Econometric Study of Corporate Tax Revenue in European Union: Structural, Cyclical Business and Institutional Determinants

This paper studies the economic determinants of corporate tax revenue to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) across European Union members over the period 1998-2009. The Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) regression results suggest that structural, cyclical, international and institutional factors such as GDP, Government Deficit, Industry Turnover, Unemployment, Number of Enterprises, Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Corruption affect revenue performance of an economy. Thus, the findings show that Unemployment Rate and Corruption have an adverse effect on tax collection, while the other analysed factors contribute to a better performance concerning tax collection. In the present paper we also consider as explanatory factors the tax variables Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) and Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR). In fact, empirical results indicate a parabolic relationship between EMTR and corporate tax revenues, reinforcing the hypothesis of the existence of a Laffer curve. Our findings also suggest that the last two years of European Union enlargement are likely not to have had effect in corporate tax revenue to GDP. In addition, specific factors of some countries (Greece, Portugal and Spain) seem to positively affect corporate revenues.Corporate Tax Revenue, EATR, EMTR, Corruption, Laffer Curve

Quantitative sidedress nitrogen recommendations for potatoes based upon crop nutritional indices

The quantification of sidedress N rate from in-season information on crop N nutritional status is extremely important in order to use only the necessary amount of nutrient to achieve maximum yields without significant N losses from soil. During three consecutive years (1996, 1997 and 1998) field N fertilizer experiments with irrigated potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Désirée) were conducted in Bragança (NE Portugal). Eight preplant treatments (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 kg urea-N/ha and poultry manure, farmyard manure and municipal solid waste in rates equivalent to 100 kg organic-N/ha) were arranged as main plots and five sidedress N rates (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 kg urea-N/ha) included as subplots. Petiole nitrate concentration, determined by a laboratory method (PNLab, g NO3-N kg−1, dry weight basis) and by the portable RQflex reflectometer (PNRQflex, mg NO3 kg−1, from fresh tissues), and leaf N content (LeafN, g kg−1, dry weight basis) were used as N nutritional indices. From the five sidedress N rates applied over each of the preplant treatments, critical sidedress N rates were estimated for several different crop N nutritional status. This was achieved by establishing exponential asymptotic curves between sidedress N rates and tuber yields and solving the equations for 95% of maximum tuber yield. In a second step, multiple regression equations were established between the estimated critical sidedress N rates (SNrate, kg N/ha), as dependent variable, and each crop N nutritional indices (PNLab, PNRQflex or LeafN) and days after emergence (DAE). The equations obtained are: SNrate = 182.7 − 4.146 × PNLab −1.87 × DAE SNrate = 161.0 − 0.013 × PNRQflex −1.34 × DAE SNrate = 562.2 − 8.416 × LeafN −3.59 × DAE These equations provide quantitative sidedress N rates for any level of crop N nutritional indices and sampling dates from 10 to 48 days after emergence

Fronteiras do vozeamento na identificação do falante

This paper aims at testing a new parameter of acoustic analysis of speech to be used in forensic phonetic analysis. We state the following hypothesis: Prevoicing values depend on speaker physiological and motion abilities and are part of his profile. We describe the results of the acoustic analysis of speech of fourteen European Portuguese speakers and we compare them to a real forensic case. Our results show that Prevoicing is clearly a cue for speaker identity and, consequently, it must be included in acoustic forensic evaluation reports.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A dry bacterial cellulose-carboxymethyl cellulose formulation as stabilizer for pickering oil-in-water emulsions

Hydrocolloidal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from plant sources, is already widely used in industry to regulate the stability, texture, rheology and organoleptic properties of many food and cosmetic formulations. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced biotechnologically by different microorganisms, but most efficiently by acetic acid bacteria from the genera Komagataeibacter. This biomaterial is a prominent alternative to the already marketed celluloses, being more pure, crystalline, and having nanoscale fibres with high aspect ratio which account for excellent mechanical properties. BC has already been used in its hydrated form for the stabilization of oil-in-water (o/w) Pickering emulsions (particle-stabilized systems, as an alternative for the conventional surfactant-stabilized). For the sake of storage, economy and practicality, additives for industries are preferentially provided in a dry or powder form. Co-drying cellulose fibres or crystals with water soluble polysaccharides helps maintaining the rheologic and structuring properties after rehydration. Dry powdered, rehydratable bacterial cellulose (BC) formulations are reported, being produced by different grinding, drying and dispersing methods which were studied in terms of the impact in the final products properties. The main objective of this study was to assess the stabilizing properties of BC in Pickering o/w emulsions. For this, an equimassic formulation of BC and 90 kDa carboxymethyl cellulose (BC:CMC) was prepared and spray dried. Isohexadecane-in-water emulsions (10:90) were prepared in the presence of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50% of the BC:CMC formulation. Visual and microscopic aspect of the emulsions was registered over time. Samples were also visualized in Cryo-SEM. Rheological tests were performed to assess the emulsions viscosity profile, storage and loss moduli. Interfacial tension between the immiscible phases was measured with the Pendant Drop and Du Noüy Ring methods. For benchmarking purposes, the same emulsion preparation and analysis protocol was made with several different commercial cellulosic products and xanthan gum. In short, BC:CMC showed formation of a three-dimensional network and viscosity increasing (thickening) properties, crucial characteristics for emulsion stabilizing formulations. BC has technically superior properties that will allow it to compete with, or even replace, plant celluloses in industry.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio