Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance use disorders, and criminality: a difficult problem with complex solutions.

The association between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminality has been increasingly recognized as an important societal concern. Studies conducted in different settings have revealed high rates of ADHD among adolescent offenders. The risk for criminal behavior among individuals with ADHD is increased when there is psychiatric comorbidity, particularly conduct disorder and substance use disorder. In the present report, it is aimed to systematically review the literature on the epidemiological, neurobiological, and other risk factors contributing to this association, as well as the key aspects of the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of ADHD among offenders. A systematic literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) was conducted to identify potentially relevant studies published in English, in peer-reviewed journals. Studies conducted in various settings within the judicial system and in many different countries suggest that the rate of adolescent and adult inmates with ADHD far exceeds that reported in the general population; however, underdiagnosis is common. Similarly, follow-up studies of children with ADHD have revealed high rates of criminal behaviors, arrests, convictions, and imprisonment in adolescence and adulthood. Assessment of ADHD and comorbid condition requires an ongoing and careful process. When treating offenders or inmates with ADHD, who commonly present other comorbid psychiatric disorder complex, comprehensive and tailored interventions, combining pharmacological and psychosocial strategies are likely to be needed

Mental health problems: Are they or are they not a risk factor for dropout from drug treatment? A systematic review of the evidence

Background: A sizeable number of recent studies investigating whether clients with substance misuse and mental health problems (dual diagnosis clients) are at heightened risk of dropout from drug treatment have been published. It is timely that their findings are brought together in a comprehensive review of the current evidence. Aims: The aim of the review is to examine whether dually diagnosed clients are less likely to be retained in drug treatment than clients without mental health problems, and, if so, whether this varies for clients diagnosed with different types of mental health problems. Methods: The review considers peer-reviewed research published after 1 January 1990, which was located using the literature databases Medline and PsycInfo. Predefined search terms were used. Further papers were identified from the bibliographies of relevant publications. Findings: 58 studies (84% from the USA) met the inclusion criteria for the review. The findings suggest that for most clients, having a past history of mental health problems does not influence the likelihood of being retained in drug treatment. The body of evidence regarding concurrent mental health problems is contradictory. On the whole, the majority of studies suggest that neither presence nor severity of depressive, anxiety, or other Axis-I disorders is related to retention, but these findings are not entirely unequivocal, as a few studies report strong positive or negative associations between depression and anxiety disorders and retention. Few researchers looked separately at psychotic spectrum disorders hence no conclusions could be drawn. The presence of most personality disorders also did not appear to affect treatment tenure, with the exception of antisocial personality disorder, for which the evidence points towards a greater risk of dropout. Conclusions: The balance of evidence suggests that, overall, dual diagnosis clients with Axis-I disorders who seek treatment in drug treatment services are retained as well as clients without dual diagnosis. Subgroups of clients who appear more vulnerable to premature dropout include those with antisocial personality disorder. Methodological shortcomings of the reviewed studies and resulting implications for this review and future research are discussed

Budgetary impact analysis of buprenorphinenaloxone combination (Suboxone®) in Spain

Background: Opioid addiction is a worldwide problem. Agonist opioid treatment (AOT) is the most widespread and frequent pharmacotherapeutic approach. Methadone has been the most widely used AOT, but buprenorphine, a partial kappa-opiod agonist and a my-opiod antagonist, is fast gaining acceptance. The objective was to assess the budgetary impact in Spain of the introduction of buprenorphine-naloxone (B/N) combination. Methods: A budgetary impact model was developed to estimate healthcare costs of the addition of B/N combination to the therapeutic arsenal for treating opioid dependent patients, during a 3-year period under the National Health System perspective. Inputs for the model were obtained from the specialized scientific literature. Detailed information concerning resource consumption (drug cost, logistics, dispensing, medical, psychiatry and pharmacy supervision, counselling and laboratory test) was obtained from a local expert panel. Costs are expressed in euros ( , 2010). Results: The number of patients estimated to be prescribed B/N combination was 2,334; 2,993 and 3,589 in the first, second and third year respectively. Total budget is 85,766,129; 79,855,471 and 79,137,502 in the first, second and third year for the scenario without B/N combination. With B/N combination the total budget would be 86,589,210; 80,398,259 and 79,708,964 in the first, second and third year of the analyses. Incremental cost/ patient comparing the addition of the B/N combination to the scenario only with methadone is 10.58; 6.98 and 7.34 in the first, second and third year respectively. Conclusion: Addition of B/N combination would imply a maximum incremental yearly cost of 10.58 per patient compared to scenario only with methadone and would provide additional benefits

Prior oral conditions in patients undergoing heart valve surgery

Patients scheduled for heart valve surgery should be free of any oral infectious disorders that might pose a risk in the postoperative period. Few studies have been made on the dental conditions of such patients prior to surgery. The present study describes the most frequent prior oral diseases in this population group. A prospective, observational case-control study was designed involving 60 patients (30 with heart valve disease and 30 controls, with a mean age of 71 years in both groups). A dental exploration was carried out, with calculation of the DMFT (decayed, missing and filled teeth) index and recording of the periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, periodontal pocket depth, and attachment loss). The oral mucosa was also examined, and panoramic X-rays were used to identify possible intrabony lesions. Significant differences in bacterial plaque index were observed between the two groups (p<0.05), with higher scores in the patients with valve disease. Probing depth and the presence of moderate pockets were also greater in the patients with valve disease than among the controls (p<0.01). Sixty percent of the patients with valve disease presented periodontitis. Patients scheduled for heart valve surgery should be examined for possible active periodontitis before the operation. Those individuals found to have periodontal disease should receive adequate periodontal treatment before heart surgery

A case of pregnancy with Rhesus antibody and bicornuate uterus - a favourable outcome: a case report

Introduction: In 1% of Rhesus negative women sensitisation occurs without any overt sensitising event during pregnancy. This accounts for late immunisation during a first pregnancy and is responsible for 18-27% of cases of alloimmunisation. The incidence of congenital uterine anomalies in a fertile population is 3.2% of which 5% are bicornuate uterus. Bicornuate uterus can lead to early miscarriages, preterm labor, fetal growth retardation and congenital malformations. Case presentation: A 23-year-old lady in her first pregnancy developed Anti-D antibodies at 28 weeks of gestation without any known sensitising event. In view of increasing anti-D titres, at 36 weeks she was delivered. Incidentally during caesarean section she was found to have bicornuate uterus. The neonate was treated with phototherapy and blood transfusion following delivery. Conclusion: Rhesus antibodies when managed by close monitoring and timely delivery can lead to favourable outcome. Bicornuate uterus does not always lead to complications like miscarriage, growth retardation or preterm labour and does not need any special intervention

Proper motions of the HH1 jet

We describe a new method for determining proper motions of extended objects, and a pipeline developed for the application of this method. We then apply this method to an analysis of four epochs of [S~II] HST images of the HH~1 jet (covering a period of $\sim 20$~yr). We determine the proper motions of the knots along the jet, and make a reconstruction of the past ejection velocity time-variability (assuming ballistic knot motions). This reconstruction shows an "acceleration" of the ejection velocities of the jet knots, with higher velocities at more recent times. This acceleration will result in an eventual merging of the knots in $\sim 450$~yr and at a distance of $\sim 80"$ from the outflow source, close to the present-day position of HH~1.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

EM Based Synthesis and Design of Bandpass Waveguide Filters Including Manufacturing Effects with FEST3D

This article aims at the industry interest on automated design tools that are able to take into account manufacturing effects. First, an efficient design strategy for bandpass waveguide filters including the rounded corners arising from low-cost manufacturing procedures is presented. This technique is based on a recent enhanced prototype and synthesis methodology able to consider the real structure parts. Using the resulting electromagnetic (EM)-based synthesis technique, an excellent structure is extracted, which requires, at most, only a slight final EM optimization. Second, this article presents analytical expressions providing error estimates for the different filter performances in terms of manufacturing tolerances. From such expressions, designers can determine the tolerance to be requested for a tuning-less implementation. Moreover, they can also be used to set the convergence criterion for the synthesis procedure. A fully automated design tool of bandpass waveguide filters able to consider manufacturing impairments has been developed and integrated in the commercial software Full-wave EM Simulation Tool 3D (FEST 3D)The authors thank Mrs. Eva Tarin, Mr. Oscar Monerris, and Mr. Jaime Armendariz for their work on the integration of the synthesis tool for H-plane waveguide filters in FEST 3D. This work was supported by Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia, Spanish Government, under the Research Project ref. TEC2010-21520-C04-01.Soto Pacheco, P.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Carceller Candau, C.; Vicente Quiles, CP.; Gil Raga, J.; Gimeno Martinez, B. (2012). EM Based Synthesis and Design of Bandpass Waveguide Filters Including Manufacturing Effects with FEST3D. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering. 22(1):93-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.2058893103221Reiter, J. M., & Arndt, F. (1995). Rigorous analysis of arbitrarily shaped H- and E-plane discontinuities in rectangular waveguides by a full-wave boundary contour mode-matching method. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 43(4), 796-801. doi:10.1109/22.375226Zhou, J., Duan, B., & Huang, J. (2010). Influence and tuning of tunable screws for microwave filters using least squares support vector regression. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 20(4), 422-429. doi:10.1002/mmce.20447Nikolova, N. (2008). Electromagnetic software in microwave engineering [Guest Editorial]. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 9(6), 10-12. doi:10.1109/mmm.2008.929880Boria, V. E., Gimeno, B., Marini, S., Taroncher, M., Cogollos, S., Soto, P., … Gil, J. (2007). Recent advances in modeling, design, and fabrication of microwave filters for space applications. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 17(1), 70-76. doi:10.1002/mmce.20199Kozakowski, P., & Mrozowski, M. (2002). Gradient-based optimization of filters using FDTD software. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 12(10), 389-391. doi:10.1109/lmwc.2002.804561Boria, V. E., Bozzi, M., Bruni, F., Cogollos, S., Conciauro, G., Gimeno, B., & Perregrini, L. (2003). Efficient analysis of in-line waveguide filters and frequency-selective surfaces with stepped holes. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 13(4), 306-315. doi:10.1002/mmce.10087Morro, J. V., Esteban, H., Boria, V. E., Bachiller, C., & Belenguer, A. (2008). Optimization techniques for the efficient design of low-cost satellite filters considering new light materials. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 18(2), 168-175. doi:10.1002/mmce.20264Hunter, I. (2001). Theory and Design of Microwave Filters. doi:10.1049/pbew048eSoto, P., Tarin, E., Boria, V. E., Vicente, C., Gil, J., & Gimeno, B. (2010). Accurate Synthesis and Design of Wideband and Inhomogeneous Inductive Waveguide Filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 58(8), 2220-2230. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2010.2052668Morini, A., Venanzoni, G., & Rozzi, T. (2006). A new adaptive prototype for the design of side-coupled coaxial filters with close correspondence to the physical structure. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 54(3), 1146-1153. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2005.864112Morini, A., Venanzoni, G., Farina, M., & Rozzi, T. (2007). Modified Adaptive Prototype Inclusive of the External Couplings for the Design of Coaxial Filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 55(9), 1905-1911. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2007.904329Cogollos, S., Marini, S., Boria, V. E., Soto, P., Vidal, A., Esteban, H., … Gimeno, B. (2003). Efficient modal analysis of arbitrarily shaped waveguides composed of linear, circular, and elliptical arcs using the BI-RME method. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 51(12), 2378-2390. doi:10.1109/tmtt.2003.819776Levy, R. (1967). Theory of Direct-Coupled-Cavity Filters. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 15(6), 340-348. doi:10.1109/tmtt.1967.1126471Balasubramanian, R., & Pramanick, P. (1999). Computer aided design ofH-plane tapered corrugated waveguide bandpass filters. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 9(1), 14-21. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-047x(199901)9:13.0.co;2-

Multipactor susceptibility charts for ridge and multiridge waveguides

“© 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.”The aim of this paper is to study the multipactor radio-frequency breakdown voltage in several ridge and multiridge waveguide configurations. First, multipactor susceptibility charts for several types of ridged waveguides have been computed using the commercial software FEST3D. Next, these charts have been used to predict multipactor threshold values for a bandpass filter and a quasi-low-pass filter both containing ridge waveguide sections. Furthermore, multipactor simulations using FEST3D are carried out to calculate the multipactor threshold of the aforementioned structures. A good agreement between predictions and simulations has been found for both filter examples.Gonzalez Iglesias, D.; Soto Pacheco, P.; Anza Hormigo, S.; Gimeno Martinez, B.; Boria Esbert, VE.; Vicente Quiles, CP.; Gil Raga, J. (2012). Multipactor susceptibility charts for ridge and multiridge waveguides. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 59(12):3601-3607. doi:10.1109/TED.2012.2215611S36013607591

Prediction of multipactor breakdown for multicarrier applications: the quasi-stationary method

© 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.A new prediction algorithm for multipactor breakdown determination in multicarrier signals is presented. This new algorithm assumes a quasi-stationary (QS) model based on the nonstationary theory for single-carrier signals. It determines the worst case, i.e., the combination of signal phases that yields the lowest breakdown level per carrier, using multipactor electron growth models. It considers the secondary emission yield properties of the material and the time-varying value of the multicarrier signal envelope. Several test samples have been designed and manufactured in order to assess the precision of the proposed method. The experimental results show excellent agreement with the predicted results. The QS prediction technique yields, in general, better accuracy and more relaxed breakdown levels than the existing methods.Manuscript received December 23, 2011; revised April 12, 2012; accepted April 16, 2012. Date of publication May 30, 2012; date of current version June 26, 2012. This work was supported by the European Space Agency (ESA)/European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) under RF Breakdown in Multicarrier Systems Contract 1-9918/06/NL/GLC, by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under Programa Torres Quevedo PTQ06-2-0693, and under Research Project TEC2010-21520-C04-01.Anza Hormigo, S.; Vicente Quiles, CP.; Gil Raga, J.; Mattes, M.; Wolk, D.; Wochner, U.; Boria Esbert, VE.... (2012). Prediction of multipactor breakdown for multicarrier applications: the quasi-stationary method. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 60(7):2093-2105. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2012.2197021S2093210560