22 research outputs found

    Use of health care among the urban poor in Africa: Does the neighbourhood have an impact?

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    The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relative influence of neighbourhood and individual practices of care utilization in Dakar (Senegal). The data from a research program on urban malaria, made in Dakar, Senegal between 2008 and 2009. The sample was based on a two-stage sampling. A questionnaire survey covered 2952 households, of which we have selected those that have at least one case of fever (n = 1272) with one of their children under ten years two weeks before the passage of investigators. The analytical model of the use of health services developed by R. Andersen has been adapted for our conceptual framework. Our results showed's like many West African cities, self-medication is a common practice among all households in Dakar, especially the poorest. The non-use of health services is positively associated with individual characteristics such as education level, the level of social network and the level of health literacy of the mother / guardian of the sick child (p <1 %). Some characteristics of the neighborhood of residence, however, increase the use of health services among the poor (health care provision is nearest larger and better quality). Similarly, the cost of use is no longer a major obstacle when people perceive a high environmental risk (presence of stagnant water and mosquito abundance). The district of residence may help remove the financial barrier, and reduce inequalities in access, when resource space

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    ETIOLOGIES OF INFECTIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED AT BOUAKE UNIVERTY TEACHING HOSPITAL

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    Background: Diabetic infections are frequent and the etiologies are multiple. The present study aims to identify the etiologies of the infections of the diabetic patient hospitalized in the University Teaching Hospital of Bouake in CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Internal Medicine Department from January 2019 to December 2020. The study population consisted of hospitalized and infected diabetic patients. Of this study population we included in the study 136 patients. Data analysis was done with Epi Info 7.2.3.1 software. Results: The prevalence of infection in hospitalized diabetics was 75.1%. The mean age of the patients was 52 ± 13.4 years. The sex ratio was 0.7. Diabetes was incidentally discovered in 50% and type 2 diabetes (88.2%) predominated. The reasons for hospitalization were dominated by ketoacidosis (58.1%), glycemic imbalance (19.1%) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (10.3%). Fever was present in 41.2% of cases. The infectious foci were urinary tract infections (29.4%), pneumopathies (28.7%), malaria (21.3%), skin infections (13.2%) and the undetermined focus (7.3%). The infectious focus was unique in 90.4%. The germs identified were plasmodium (21.3%), Escherichia coli (8.8%), staphylococcus (8.3%), yeasts (8.3%) and Enterobacter (6.7%). Beta-lactams (75.6%) were the most prescribed anti-infective treatment. Mortality was 14.7% related to type 1 diabetes (p=0.001), duration of diabetes greater than 5 years (p=0.005), hospitalization latency greater than 7 days (p=0.001), mucocutaneous focus (p=0.005) and Undetermined foci (p=0.001). Conclusion: Diabetic infections are frequent and the etiologies are varied. They must be systematically sought in hospitalized diabetic

    Fabrication d’aliment du bĂ©tail issue de la cueillette de gousses de

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    Les gousses de l’arbre fourrager de Piliostigma reticulatum sont trĂšs utilisĂ©es au Burkina Faso. Comme peu de donnĂ©es existent sur cette activitĂ©, une enquĂȘte a Ă©tĂ© conduite en zone nord-soudanienne auprĂšs de 90 personnes. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que la collecte et la transformation des gousses sont menĂ©es par des femmes mĂ©nagĂšres non instruites, ĂągĂ©es de 20 Ă  60 ans. La quantitĂ© moyenne collectĂ©e par les jeunes (20–35 ans), les moins ĂągĂ©es (36–50 ans) et les plus ĂągĂ©es (51–60 ans) est respectivement de 20, 5 et 10 t par femme. La vente de la farine leur procure un revenu moyen de, respectivement, 40 000, 14 000 et 32 000 FCFA par femme (1000 FCFA = 1,5 €). Les moins de 35 ans s’intĂ©ressent particuliĂšrement Ă  la vente ; leurs contraintes sont d’ordre commercial (dĂ©bouchĂ©s, organisation de la filiĂšre), tandis que les plus ĂągĂ©es ont indiquĂ© des contraintes de gestion et de disponibilitĂ© des gousses (coupe des arbres, feux de brousses, animaux
). Les principales solutions prĂ©conisĂ©es par les jeunes sont la recherche de nouveaux dĂ©bouchĂ©s pour la farine, tandis que pour les plus ĂągĂ©es ce sont la lutte contre les coupes d’arbres et la divagation des animaux. L’étude a montrĂ© que cette activitĂ© gĂ©nĂšre des revenus pour les jeunes femmes rurales dĂ©munies et fournit aux Ă©leveurs des complĂ©ments alimentaires fourragers en saison sĂšche

    Fabrication d’aliment du bĂ©tail issue de la cueillette de gousses de Piliostigma reticulatum : une opportunitĂ© pour les femmes rurales burkinabĂ©

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    Les gousses de l’arbre fourrager de Piliostigma reticulatum sont trĂšs utilisĂ©es au Burkina Faso. Comme peu de donnĂ©es existent sur cette activitĂ©, une enquĂȘte a Ă©tĂ© conduite en zone nord-soudanienne auprĂšs de 90 personnes. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que la collecte et la transformation des gousses sont menĂ©es par des femmes mĂ©nagĂšres non instruites, ĂągĂ©es de 20 Ă  60 ans. La quantitĂ© moyenne collectĂ©e par les jeunes (20–35 ans), les moins ĂągĂ©es (36–50 ans) et les plus ĂągĂ©es (51–60 ans) est respectivement de 20, 5 et 10 t par femme. La vente de la farine leur procure un revenu moyen de, respectivement, 40 000, 14 000 et 32 000 FCFA par femme (1000 FCFA = 1,5 €). Les moins de 35 ans s’intĂ©ressent particuliĂšrement Ă  la vente ; leurs contraintes sont d’ordre commercial (dĂ©bouchĂ©s, organisation de la filiĂšre), tandis que les plus ĂągĂ©es ont indiquĂ© des contraintes de gestion et de disponibilitĂ© des gousses (coupe des arbres, feux de brousses, animaux
). Les principales solutions prĂ©conisĂ©es par les jeunes sont la recherche de nouveaux dĂ©bouchĂ©s pour la farine, tandis que pour les plus ĂągĂ©es ce sont la lutte contre les coupes d’arbres et la divagation des animaux. L’étude a montrĂ© que cette activitĂ© gĂ©nĂšre des revenus pour les jeunes femmes rurales dĂ©munies et fournit aux Ă©leveurs des complĂ©ments alimentaires fourragers en saison sĂšche

    Etude de la pollution des eaux par les intrants agricoles : cas de cinq zones d'agriculture intensive du Burkina Faso Auteur

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    International audiencePour optimiser les rendements (agricoles), l'agriculture intensive nĂ©cessite une utilisation massive d'intrants agricoles dont les engrais chimiques, potentiellement sources de pollution des ressources en eau. La rĂ©gion du Sud - Ouest du Burkina, dont font partie les zones concernĂ©es par la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, connaĂźt une agriculture intensive du coton. Il est fait usage dans les champs de coton, d'engrais Ă  base essentiellement d'azote, de phosphate, de potassium, mais Ă©galement d'urĂ©e, de chlorure de potassium et de nitrate d'ammonium. Un total de 42 Ă©chantillons d'eau de surface, de puits et de forages ont fait l'objet d'analyses, afin d'Ă©valuer l'impact de ces engrais sur la qualitĂ© des ressources en eau de consommation des populations sur une annĂ©e. Eu Ă©gard Ă  la nature des fertilisants utilisĂ©s, les paramĂštres essentiels suivants ont Ă©tĂ© ciblĂ©s : Nitrates, nitrites, ortho-phosphates, ammonium, potassium, conductivitĂ© Ă©lectrique et duretĂ© totale. Il ressort de ces investigations que les eaux de puits, pendant la saison hivernale, prĂ©sentent des teneurs plus importantes en nitrates et potassium avec des valeurs maximales respectives de 178 mg/L (plus de 3 fois la valeur limite admise par l'OMS pour les eaux de consommation) et 55 mg/L pour une norme admise par l'OMS de 10 mg/L en potassium. Les ortho-phosphates, forme soluble du phosphore et les nitrites, prĂ©sentent des teneurs infĂ©rieures aux normes admises. S'agissant des ions ammonium, un seul puits par sa position en aval d'un WC et d'un parc d'animaux, a donnĂ© des valeurs supĂ©rieures Ă  la norme qui est fixĂ©e Ă  1,5 mg/L, atteignant ainsi 20 mg/L de N-NH+4. Les Ă©chantillons d'eau de forages sont exempts de toute contamination, alors que 33% des prĂ©lĂšvements d'eau de surface ont donnĂ© des teneurs dĂ©passant la valeur limite admise seulement en potassium. Globalement, 61% des Ă©chantillons d'eau de puits sont contaminĂ©s par les nitrates, 67% par le potassium et 17% donnent des teneurs supĂ©rieures Ă  la norme en ammonium. Ce qui permet d'en dĂ©duire qu'il y a une infiltration de pollution dans la nappe superficielle qui alimente les puits. La conductivitĂ© Ă©lectrique et la duretĂ© totale sans ĂȘtre excessives prĂ©sentent les valeurs les plus importantes pour les mĂȘmes sites que sont les puits, avec des valeurs maximales respectives de 1252 ÎŒS/cm et 202 mg/L de CaCO3

    COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF SAND AND COCONUT SUBSTRATE IN URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PERFORMANCES COMPAREES DU SABLE ET DU SUBSTRAT DE COCO EN TRAITEMENT D’EAUX RESIDUAIRES URBAINES

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    Urban wastewater has been treated by infiltration-percolation on sand and on coconut substrate, in order to highlight their comparative performance. The pilots were fed to the hydraulic loading rate of 40 L·m-2·d-1 during three days a week and kept at rest the next four days. Parameters are measured on an average sample of 24 hours taken on the output of each pilot at the end of the third day of treatment. The average removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were respectively, 94.8 and 39.61 % with the sand and the coconut substrate while the average yields of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were 99.01 and 98.12 %. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of fecal coliform bacteria were respectively, 98.8 and 91 %. Conductivities have increased by an average of 39.88 % with the sand and 4.65 % with coconut substrate

    Traitement d'eaux usées urbaines par infiltration-percolation sur sable et sur substrat de coco aprÚs un bassin anaérobie de lagune sous climat tropical

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    Au Burkina Faso, l’un des soucis majeurs demeure la gestion des eaux rĂ©siduaires dans les villes. Notre objectif a Ă©tĂ© d’étudier des procĂ©dĂ©s biologiques alternatifs destinĂ©s aux petites et moyennes collectivitĂ©s et particuliĂšrement adaptĂ©s aux conditions climatiques tropicales. Nous avons examinĂ© les performances Ă©puratoires de deux matĂ©riaux de filtration que sont le sable et un substrat de coco concassĂ© (fibres de coco), sur des systĂšmes pilotes recevant des effluents issus d’un bassin anaĂ©robie de lagunage. Les rĂ©sultats montrent des performances croissantes de 93 % Ă  95 % sur la DCO (Demande Chimique en OxygĂšne) et un abattement moyen sur la DBO5 (Demande Biochimique en OxygĂšne) atteignant 99 %, avec la colonisation progressive du massif de sable par la biomasse. Avec le substrat de coco les rendements moyens sur la DCO passent successivement de 15 % Ă  51 % lorsque les charges hydrauliques varient de 20 Ă  60 L‱m-2‱j-1, du fait de l’extraction de composĂ©s phĂ©noliques du substrat. Cependant, il prĂ©sente la mĂȘme efficacitĂ© que le sable pour l’élimination de la pollution biodĂ©gradable.Les rendements en azote Kjeldahl sont de 75 % et 84 % pour le substrat de coco et le sable respectivement, alors que le filtrat issu du substrat de coco n’a donnĂ© que 7 mg‱L-1 en moyenne de nitrates. Dans le mĂȘme temps, les concentrations en nitrates atteignent 40 mg‱L-1 pour le massif de sable. Ce comportement du substrat de coco pourrait ĂȘtre attribuĂ© Ă  la formation de complexes entre composĂ©s azotĂ©s et les tanins issus de ce matĂ©riau.In Burkina Faso, one of the major problems is the management of waste water in the cities. Biological processes for the small and middle-size communities exist, for example the infiltration-percolation approach that is particularly adapted to tropical climatic conditions. The efficiency of two filtration media (sand and coconut fiber) was tested in pilot systems downstream from an anaerobic pond acting as a primary treatment. The results show increasing efficiencies of COD removal, from 93% to 95%, and BOD5 removal efficiency reaches 99%, with the progressive colonization of the sand filter by the biomass. The filtration media composed of crushed coconut exhibited COD removal efficiencies of 15% and 51% for low (20 L‱m-2‱d-1) and high (60 L‱m-2‱d-1) hydraulic loads respectively, because of the progressive extraction of phenolic compounds from the coconut material during the first leachings. However, the coconut media gave almost the same efficiency as the sand with respect to the removal of biodegradable pollution.Nitrogen removal was also investigated, and both media transformed Kjeldahl nitrogen efficiently (75% and 84%). However, the coconut media gave the lowest concentration of nitrate (7 mg‱L-1) because of tannins. The nitrate concentrations in the effluent of the sand filters reached 40 mg‱L-1. This behavior of coconut media can be attributed to complexes formed between nitrogenous compounds and tannins coming from this material

    Caractérisation des boues de vidange dépotées sur les lits de séchage de zagtouli (Ouagadougou)

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    International audienceA Ouagadougou comme dans la plupart des grandes villes africaines, il y a très peu de réseau d’égout. Les ouvrages d’assainissement autonome sont les plus couramment utilisés. Ces ouvrages produisent des boues qu’il faut vidanger et traiter adéquatement afin de préserver la santé des populations et protéger l’environnement. En effet, les risques sont réels, eu égard à l’utilisation des boues de vidange fraiches dans l’agriculture, en plus des dangers potentiels de leurs rejet à l’état brut dans la nature. A cet effet, le traitement par déshydratation constitue une solution. Les boues dépotées à la station de traitement par lits de séchage de Zagtouli (Ouagadougou) sont essentiellement issues des fosses septiques et des fosses toutes eaux. L’objectif du présent travail est de mettre en exergue les caractéristiques de ces boues pour guider le choix de technologies alternatives de traitement. A cet effet, les paramètres physico-chimiques et bactériologiques ont été mesurés selon les normes françaises. Les principaux résultats indiquent que la Demande Chimique en Oxygène (DCO) et la Demande Biochimique en Oxygène (DBO5) de ces boues fluides, présentent des valeurs moyennes respectives de 1950 mg O2/let 785 mg O2/l. Quant aux nutriments, ces boues se sont révélées particulièrement riches en azote ammoniacal avec une teneur moyenne de 557 mg/l, tandis que les nitrates et orthophosphates ont des concentrations moyennes de 24 et 39 mg/l respectivement

    Subsidized antimalarial drugs in Dakar (Senegal): Do the poor benefit?

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    Senegal opted for an antimalarial drug policy (artemisinin-based combination therapy) of partial and then full exemption from health care costs for the whole population respectively in 2008 and 2010. Has this policy reduced access inequalities in children’s health care between rich and poor households?Data were collected in Dakar between 2008 and 2009 as part of a research program on urban malaria. A survey was conducted among the population of the Dakar metropolitan area. The sample was based on a two-stage sampling. The three questionnaires used for the survey were based on validated data collection tools. Indicators were built to characterize individuals, households and neighborhoods. Bivariate analysis (chi2 test) revealed social gradients within the Dakar agglomeration and characterized health care behaviors of the poorest and richest households. Data have therefore been adjusted by a double zero-inflated Poisson model.Results show that the policy of subsidizing antimalarial drugs in Senegal has reduced health care costs, including for the poor, but without improving its distributive equity. In contrast, this policy has benefited more the richest than the poorest, without mitigating social and financial inequalities. In light of the lessons learnt by the subsidy policy for antimalarial drugs, our study recommends that universal health coverage, currently implemented in Senegal, should seek to mitigate economic inequalities in access to health care for the poorest as well as to improve the health outcomes for the whole population
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